The Wanderground

The Wanderground
	First edition
Author	Sally Miller Gearhart
Subject	separatist feminism movement
Genre	speculative fiction novel
Published	1978
Publisher	Persephone Press

The Wanderground is a speculative fiction novel by Sally Miller Gearhart, published in 1978 by Persephone Press. It is Gearhart's first and most famous novel, and continues to be used in women's studies classes as a characteristic example of the separatist feminism movement from the 1970s.^[1]

Structure

The Wanderground is a collection of short, interlocking narratives ^[2] that build on each other to form a full novel. Chapters fit together loosely, often focusing on completely different characters in each chapter, or taking place in a different part of the world Gearhart created, although many characters make reappearances throughout the collection, as the stories begin to build on each other. Many of the chapters were first published as short stories, in fanzines, magazines, and lesbian periodicals including Ms., The Witch and the Chameleon, Quest: A Feminist Quarterly, and WomanSpirit^[3]

Summary

The Wanderground is set in the United States, in the future, although no date is given. The stories focus on the hill women, a group of women who have fled from the men-ruled cities to the wilderness, where they live in all-women communities in harmony with each other and the natural world. The hill women have psychic powers that they use to communicate with each other and with animals, and to move through the world. The main narrative that weaves throughout almost all of the stories, is caused by some kind of shift in the cosmic balance between the hill women and the cities. Rumors are whispered, things are getting worse for women in the cities. As the stories build on each other, subtle remarks are made about how things are getting worse, the cities are becoming even more controlling, it is more dangerous for the women underground, men are appearing outside of the cities, even to the point of rapes occurring in the borderlands. Something is changing. The tension finally comes to the foreground when the gentles (gay men, who have the greatest respect for all women, especially the hill women) request a meeting with the hill women. The message is smuggled out of the city, and a great discussion begins. Even though the gentles are considered to be allies of the hill women, they are still men, and this mixed status of ally and enemy causes a great debate.

Characters

As The Wanderground functions as a series of short stories in different parts of a world, the characters are listed here in association with the setting in which they appear.

Western Ensconcement, a community of women: Seja, Clana, Zephyr, Voki, Artilidea
Eastern Ensconcement, a community of women: Jaqua, Troja, Pelagine,
Kochlias, noted for being the home of the 'Remember Rooms': Fora, Manaje, Li, Clana
Borderlands, the edge of the hill women's territory: Alaka, Ono, Egathese, Blase
Dangerland, between the land of the hill women and the city: Pony, Krueva, Ijeme, Ursula
Earlytown, an abandoned town just outside the city: The Gentles, Evona, Chthona, Tulu
The City: Betha, Ijeme, Evona

Themes

Gender

Gender is a source of tension throughout the novel. Among the basic tenets of the relationship between the communities of hill women to men is "It is not in his nature not to rape. It is not in my nature to be raped. We do not co-exist." (page 25). Gearhart said in an interview with off our backs that figuring out how those dynamics play out, the question of "what is the hill women's relationship to the men" is one of the main questions of the book.^[4]

Environmentalism

This book is also linked by scholars with the idea of ecofeminism.^[5] The ideas it presents of women living as one with the greater natural world, of being able to control one's fertility, and of the communication with other non-human living beings, as well as the poetic style of prose Gearhart writes in are of particular interest to readers coming from an environmental background.^[1]^[6]

Notes

^ ^a ^b Sandra Pollack, Denise Knight (1993). Contemporary Lesbian Writers of the United States. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 207–211. ISBN 0-313-28215-3.
^ Kester-Shelton, Pamela. "Sally Miller Gearhart". Feminist Writers. St. James Press. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
^ Gearhart, Sally (1980). The Wanderground. Boston, Mass: Persephone Press. p. Copyright page. ISBN 978-0-932870-55-1.
^ Sturgis, Susanna (January 1980). "Discovering the Wanderground: An Interview with Sally Gearhart". Off Our Backs. 10 (1): 24–25, 27. JSTOR 25793272.
^ Lavin, Sophie (July 2012). "Otto, Eric C. Green Speculations: Science Fiction and Transformative Environmentalism. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2012". The Journal of Ecocriticism. 5 (2): 1–3. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
^ Donawerth, Jane (1990). "Science Fiction by Women in the Early Pulps, 1926–1930". Science Fiction Studies. 17 (1): 58–69.