Mansur, who succeeded Ahmad Araq to the throne, occupied Turpan and Aksu.[7][8] Mansur defeated his brother Sultan Said Khan who ruled the western Moghulistan and exiled him. Mansur fought again with the Ming dynasty over the Hami-based Kara Del kingdom, and Mansur conquered the kingdom and brought the region under his control in 1513.[9] With the conquest Buddhists from the Hami area migrated to Ming-controlled territory, and Buddhists from areas west of Hami disappeared.[10] Historian Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat characterized Mansur's battle with the Ming dynasty over Hami as a "holy war".[10]
"Mughal embassy", seen by the Dutch visitors in Beijing in 1656. According to Lach & Kley (1993), modern historians (namely, Luciano Petech) think that the emissaries portrayed had come from Turpan, rather than all the way from the Moghul India.[11]
While Mansur was fighting against Ming China, Sultan Said Khan was under the protection of his cousin, Babur of the Timurid dynasty, in Kabul.[5] In response to Babur's capture of Samarkand, the Mir of Duglat captured the Ferghana Valley and presented it to Sultan Said Khan.[5] Using this as a foothold, Sultan Said Khan returned to Moghulistan and defeated Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat in Dughlat, and in 1514 declared himself Khan.[4][12] There was also a faction in the Duglat division that opposed Abu Bakr, and Mirza Muhammad Haidar and others supported Sultan Said Khan.[8]
At first, the brothers Mansur Khan and Sultan Said Khan were at odds, but eventually they reconciled,[13] and the Khans of Moghulistan existed side by side in the east and west.[12] Sultan Said attempted to advance into the steppe region to the west, but was blocked by the Uzbeks and Kazakhs, and ended up taking possession of the western Tarim Basin, centered on Kashgar and Yarkand. As a result, the government of Sultan Said Khan and his descendants came to be known as the Yarkent Khanate.[14]
The presumed Turpan "Mughal embassy" (group "3") at the Chinese court in 1656, together with the embassy from Holand ("Batavorum", group "2").
From the 16th century onwards, the leaders of the Khojas came to have a strong influence, replacing the Dughlat faction, which had traditionally had a strong influence in Moghulistan.[4][15]
The Turpan Khanate declined rapidly after Mansur's death under the reign of Shah Khan, and in 1570, the Turpan Khanate was invaded by an army led by Abduraim Sultan (brother of Abdul Karim Khan),[16] the governor of Khotan in the Yarkand Khanate. The monarch, Muhammad Khan ibn Mansur Khan was captured and taken prisoner, and the Turpan Khanate faded from historical texts. Quraish, who had rebelled, was subdued by the army sent by Abdul Karim Khan, and Turpan came under the control of the Yarkand Khanate.[8][16] The last thing heard of the Turpan Khanate were embassies sent from Turpan to Beijing in 1647 and 1657. The Qing dynasty of China regarded them as embassies from a genuine Chagatayid.[17]
^Lach, Donald F. (Donald Frederick) (1965). Asia in the making of Europe. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 238. ISBN978-0-226-46733-7. Nieuhof's report of a Mughul embassy to Peking was taken at face value by C. B. K. Roa Sahib, "Shah Jehan's Embassy to China, 1656 a.d.," Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society, Silver Jubilee Number XXV (1934-35), 117-21. By examination of the Chinese sources, Luciano Petech concluded that Nieuhof was mistaken in this identification. He argues, quite convincingly, that these were probably emissaries from Turfan in central Asia. See Petech, "La pretesa ambascita di Shah Jahan alia Cina," Rivista degli studi orientali, XXVI (1951), 124-27.
Ahmad Alaq (1487–1503) Mansur Khan (1503–1548) Shah Khan (1543–1560)
Muhammad Khan ibn Mansur Khan (1570) Koraish Sultan (1570–1588) Muhammad Sultan (1588–1591)
Abduraim Khan (1591-1636)
Abu'l Muhammad Khan (1636-1653)
Ibrahim Sultan (1653–1655)
Sultan Said Baba Khan (1655–1680)
1These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas. 2State with limited international recognition.
