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Voiced velar fricative

"ɣ (IPA)" redirects here. For consonants followed by superscript ˠ, see Velarization. For the Greek letter gamma, see Gamma.
Voiced velar fricative
ɣ
IPA number141
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɣ
Unicode (hex)U+0263
X-SAMPAG
Braille⠨ (braille pattern dots-46)⠛ (braille pattern dots-1245)
Voiced velar tapped fricative
ɡ̞̆
ɣ̆

The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in various spoken languages. It is not found in most varieties of Modern English but existed in Old English.[1] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɣ⟩, a Latinized variant of the Greek letter gamma, ⟨γ⟩, which has this sound in Modern Greek. It should not be confused with the graphically-similar ⟨ɤ⟩, the IPA symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel, which some writings[2] use for the voiced velar fricative.

The symbol ⟨ɣ⟩ is also sometimes used to represent the velar approximant, which, however, is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: [ɣ̞] or [ɣ˕]. The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant, [ɰ].

There is also a voiced post-velar fricative, also called pre-uvular, in some languages. For the voiced pre-velar fricative, also called post-palatal, see voiced palatal fricative.

A voiced velar tapped fricative has been reported in Dàgáárè, which is a previously unattested sound in human language.

Features

Features of the voiced velar fricative:

Occurrence

Some of the consonants listed as post-velar may actually be trill fricatives.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abaza бгъьы/bğë [bɣʲə] 'leaf'
Adyghe чъыгы/čëğë [t͡ʂəɣə]ⓘ 'tree'
Albanian Arbëresh

Moresian (Pelloponesian) dialects of Arvanitika

gliata [ɣliɑtɑ] 'tall'
Alekano gamó [ɣɑmɤʔ] 'cucumber'
Aleut agiitalix [aɣiːtalix] 'with'
Angor ranihı [ɾɑniɣə] 'brother'
Angas γür [ɣyr] 'to pick up'
Arabic Modern Standard[3] غريب/ğarīb [ɣæˈriːb]ⓘ 'stranger' May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.[4] See Arabic phonology
Aragonese augua [ˈawɣwa] 'water' Allophone of /ɡ/
Aromanian ghini [ˈɣi.ni] 'well' Allophone of /ɡ/
Aramaic Eastern ܦܓ̣ܪܐ paġrā [pʌɣrɑ] 'body' Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants.
Western [fʌɣrɔ]
Asturian gadañu [ɣaˈd̪ãɲʊ] 'scythe' Allophone of /ɡ/ in almost all positions
Azerbaijani Northern oğul [oɣul] 'son'
Southern اوغول/oğul
Basque[5] hego [heɣo] 'wing' Allophone of /ɡ/
Belarusian галава/ğalava [ɣalaˈva] 'head'
Catalan[6] agrat [ɐˈɣɾɑt] 'liking' Fricative or approximant. Allophone of /ɡ/. See Catalan phonology
Central Alaskan Yup'ik auga [ˈauːɣa] 'his/her/its blood' Never occurs in word-initial positions.
Chechen гӀала / ğala [ɣaːla] 'town'
Chinese Mandarin (Dongping dialect) 俺/Ǎn [ɣän55] 'I'
Xiang 湖南/húnán [ɣu˩˧nia˩˧] 'Hunan (province)'
Czech bych byl [bɪɣ bɪl] 'I would be' Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants. See Czech phonology. Occurs only in few Moravian dialects and even there it is rather /ɦ/
Dàgáárè [pɔ́ɣ̆ɔ́] 'woman' May be a velar with strong tap-like features.[7]
Dinka ɣo [ɣo] 'us'
Dogrib weqa[clarification needed] [weɣa] 'for'
Dutch Standard Belgian[8][9] gaan [ɣaːn] 'to go' May be post-palatal [ʝ̠] instead.[9] See Dutch phonology
Southern accents[9]
English Scouse grass [ɣrɑ:s] 'grass' Allophone of /g/. See British English phonology[10]
Northumbrian [example needed] Burr[11]
Georgian[12] ღარიბი/ğaribi [ɣɑribi] 'poor' May actually be post-velar or uvular
German[13][14][failed verification] Austrian damalige [ˈdaːmaːlɪɣə] 'former' Intervocalic allophone of /ɡ/ in casual speech.[13][14] See Standard German phonology
Ghari cheghe [tʃeɣe] 'five'
Greek γάλα/gála [ˈɣala] 'milk' See Modern Greek phonology
Gujarati વાઘણ/vağaŕn [ʋɑ̤̈ɣəɽ̃] 'tigress' See Gujarati phonology
Gweno ndeghe [ndeɣe] 'bird'
Gwich’in videeghàn [viteːɣân] 'his/her chest'
Haitian Creole diri [diɣi] 'rice'
Hän dëgëghor [təkəɣor] 'I am playing'
Hebrew Classical מִגְדָּל/miğdol [miɣdɔl] '[a] tower'
Some Modern speakers (usually with a difficulty pronouncing [ʁ]) שׁוֹמֵר/shomer [ʃo̞ˈme̞ɣ] '[a male] guard', '[he] guards' [ʃo̞ˈme̞ʁ] by other Modern speakers
Hindustani Hindi[15] ग़रीब/garib [ɣ̄əriːb]ⓘ 'poor' Post-velar,[15] conservative Hindi speakers usually replace it with /g/. See Hindustani phonology
Urdu غریب/gharib
Icelandic saga [ˈsaːɣa] 'saga' See Icelandic phonology
Irish a dhorn [ə ɣoːɾˠn̪ˠ] 'his fist' See Irish phonology
Istro-Romanian[16] gură [ˈɣurə] 'mouth' Corresponds to [ɡ][in which environments?] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Iwaidja [mulaɣa] 'hermit crab'
Japanese[17] はげ/hage [haɣe] 'baldness' Allophone of /ɡ/, especially in fast or casual speech. See Japanese phonology
Judeo-Spanish gato [ˈɣ̞ato̪][18] 'cat'
Haketia gher [ɣeɾ] 'only' appears as a phoneme in words from Arabic[19]
Kabardian гын/gyn [ɣən]ⓘ 'powder'
Komering harong [haɣoŋ] 'charcoal'
Lezgian гъел/ğel [ɣel] 'sleigh'
Lhaovo Dago’ qid [ɣìt] 'water'
Yunnan [ɣək˧˩]
Limburgish[20][21] gaw [ɣɑ̟β̞] 'quick' The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lishan Didan Urmi Dialect עוטג/otogh [ˠotʰoɣ] 'room' Generally post-velar
Lithuanian humoras [ˈɣʊmɔrɐs̪] 'humor' Preferred over [ɦ]. See Lithuanian phonology
Low German[22] gaan [ˈɣɔ̃ːn] 'to go' Increasingly replaced with High German [ɡ]
Malay Standard ghaib [ɣai̯b] 'unseen' Mostly in loanwords from Arabic. Indonesians tend to replace the sound with /ɡ/.
Johor-Riau ramai [ɣamai̯] 'crowded (with people)' /r/ before a vowel was traditionally a [ɣ] but now the alveolar tap [ɾ] is quite common amongst younger speakers possibly due to influence by Standard Malay. See Malay phonology
Kelantan-Pattani [ɣamaː] /r/ in Standard Malay is barely articulated in almost all of the Malay dialects in Malaysia. Usually it is uttered as guttural R at initial and medial position of a word. See Malay phonology
Terengganu
Negeri Sembilan [ɣamai̯]
Pahang [ɣamɛ̃ː]
Sarawak [ɣamɛː]
Macedonian Berovo accent дувна/duvna [ˈduɣna] 'it blew' Corresponds to etymological /x/ of other dialects, before sonorants. See Maleševo-Pirin dialect and Macedonian phonology
Bukovo accent глава/glava [ˈɡɣa(v)a] 'head' Allophone of /l/ instead of usual [ɫ]. See Prilep-Bitola dialect
Mi'kmaq nisaqan [nisaɣan] 'weir' Allophone of /x/ between sonorants. See Mi'kmaq language § Phonology.
Navajo ’aghá [ʔaɣa] 'best'
Neapolitan Central Lucanian (Accettura dialect) chiahäte [kjaˈɣɜ tə][23] 'wounded' Corresponds to /g/ in Standard Italian. The example "chiahäte" translates to "piagato" in Italian.
Nepali कागज/kağdz [käɣʌ(d)z] 'paper' Allophone of /ɡ/ and /ɡʱ/ in intervocalic positions. See Nepali phonology
Ngwe Mmockngie dialect [nøɣə̀] 'sun'
Northern Qiang hhnesh [ɣnəʂ] 'February'
Norwegian Urban East[24] å ha [ɔ ˈɣɑː] 'to have' Possible allophone of /h/ between two back vowels; can be voiceless [x] instead.[24] See Norwegian phonology
Occitan Gascon digoc [diˈɣuk] 'said' (3rd pers. sg.)
Okanagan ɣəɣicɣc [ɣəɣitʃɣtʃ] 'Sparrow hawk'
Pashto غاتر/ğatër [ɣɑtər] 'mule'
Pela [ɣɔ˥] 'to rain'
Persian باغ/bāq [bɒːɣ] 'garden'
Polish niechże [ˈɲɛɣʐɛ] 'let' (imperative particle) Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants. See Polish phonology
Portuguese European[25][26] agora [ɐˈɣɔɾɐ] 'now' Allophone of /ɡ/. See Portuguese phonology
Some Brazilian dialects[27] mármore [ˈmaɣmuɾi] 'marble', 'sill' Allophone of rhotic consonant (voiced equivalent to [x], itself allophone of /ʁ/) between voiced sounds, most often as coda before voiced consonants.
Punjabi Gurmukhi ਗ਼ਰੀਬ/carib [ɣ̄əriːb] 'poor'
Shahmukhi غریب/ġarrīb
Romani γoines [ɣoines] 'good'
Russian Southern дорога/doroga [dɐˈro̞ɣə] 'road' Corresponds to /ɡ/ in standard
Standard угу/ugu [ʊˈɣu] 'uh-huh' Usually nasal, /ɡ/ is used when spoken. See Russian phonology
горох же / goroh že [ɡʌˈroɣ ʐe] 'the peas' Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants.[28]
Sakha аҕа/ağa [aɣa] 'father'
Sardinian Nuorese dialect súghere [ˈsuɣɛrɛ] 'to suck' Allophone of /ɡ/
Scottish Gaelic laghail [ɫ̪ɤɣal] 'lawful' See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian[29] ovih bi [ǒ̞ʋiɣ bi] 'of these would' Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants.[29] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
S'gaw Karen ဂ့ၤ/ghei [ɣei] 'good'
Sindhi غم/camu [ɣəmʊ] 'sadness'
Slovene Standard h gori [ˈɣ‿ɡɔ̀ːɾí] 'to the mountain' Allophone of /x/ before voiced obstruents. See Slovene phonology
Some dialects gajba [ˈɣáːjbà] 'crate' Corresponds to /ɡ/ in Standard Slovene. See Slovene phonology
Spanish amigo [a̠ˈmiɣo̟] 'friend' Ranges from close fricative to approximant.[30] Allophone of /ɡ/, see Spanish phonology
Swahili ghali [ɣali] 'expensive'
Swedish Västerbotten Norrland dialects meg [mɪːɣ] 'me' Allophone of /ɡ/. Occurs between vowels and in word-final positions.[31] Here also /∅/ in Kalix.
Tadaksahak zog [zoɣ] 'war'
Tajik ғафс/cafs [ɣafs] 'thick'
Tamazight aɣilas (aghilas) [aɣilas] 'leopard'
Tamil Brahmin Tamil (non-standard) முகம் [muɣəm] 'face' Not very common
Turkish Non-standard ağaç [aɣat͡ʃ] 'tree' Deleted in most dialects. See Turkish phonology
Tutchone Northern ihghú [ihɣǔ] 'tooth'
Southern ghra [ɣra] 'baby'
Tyap ghan [ˈɣan] 'to hurry'
Uzbek[32] ёмғир / yomgʻir/yamğır [ʝɒ̜mˈʁ̟ɨɾ̪] 'rain' Post-velar.[32]
Vietnamese[33] ghế [ɣe˧˥] 'chair' See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian drage [ˈdraːɣə] 'to carry' Never occurs in word-initial positions.
Yi ꊋ/we [ɣɤ˧] 'win'
Zhuang Lwg roegbit [lɯ˧ ɣo˧pi˥] 'Wild duckling'

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Baker, Peter Stuar (2012). Introduction to Old English (3rd ed.). pp. 15. ISBN 9781444354195. OCLC 778433078 – via Internet Archive. Between voiced sounds dotless g is pronounced [ɣ], a voiced velar spirant. This sound became [w] in Middle English, so English no longer has it.
  2. ^ Such as Booij (1999) and Nowikow (2012).
  3. ^ Watson (2002), pp. 17 and 19-20.
  4. ^ Watson (2002), pp. 17, 19–20, 35-36 and 38.
  5. ^ Hualde (1991), pp. 99–100.
  6. ^ Wheeler (2005), p. 10.
  7. ^ Angsongna, Alexander; Akinbo, Samuel (2022). "Dàgáárè (Central)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 52 (2): 341–367. doi:10.1017/S0025100320000225. S2CID 243402135.
  8. ^ Verhoeven (2005:243)
  9. ^ a b c Collins & Mees (2003:191)
  10. ^ Watson, Kevin (2007). Illustrations of the IPA: Liverpool English (Cambridge University Press ed.). Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37. pp. 351–360.
  11. ^ Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 368. ISBN 0-521-24224-X.
  12. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  13. ^ a b Krech et al. (2009:108)
  14. ^ a b Sylvia Moosmüller (2007). "Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved March 9, 2013.[failed verification]
  15. ^ a b Kachru (2006), p. 20.
  16. ^ Pop (1938), p. 30.
  17. ^ Okada (1999), p. 118.
  18. ^ Gabriel, Christoph; Gess, Randall; Meisenburg, Trudel, eds. (2021-11-22), Manual of Romance Phonetics and Phonology, De Gruyter, doi:10.1515/9783110550283, hdl:1983/44e3b3cd-164e-496b-a7a6-6b3a492e4c48, ISBN 978-3-11-055028-3, retrieved 2023-12-17
  19. ^ "Differential Impact of Arabic on Haketia and Turkish on Judezmo".
  20. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
  21. ^ Peters (2006:119)
  22. ^ R.E. Keller, German Dialects. Phonology and Morphology, Manchester 1960
  23. ^ Volpi, Luigi (2011). La lingua dei Masciaioli - Dizionario del dialetto di Accettua cittadina lucana in Prov. di Matera (in Italian). Potenza (Italy): EditricErmes. p. 92.[ISBN missing]
  24. ^ a b Vanvik (1979), p. 40.
  25. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 92.
  26. ^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000), p. 11.
  27. ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 228.
  28. ^ Jones, Daniel & Ward, Dennis (1969) The Phonetics of Russian. Cambridge University Press.
  29. ^ a b Landau et al. (1999:67)
  30. ^ Phonetic studies such as Quilis (1981) have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization
  31. ^ "685-686 (Nordisk familjebok / 1800-talsutgåvan. 17. V - Väring)". 1893.
  32. ^ a b Sjoberg (1963), p. 13.
  33. ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.

References

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  • Booij, Geert (1999), The phonology of Dutch, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
  • Hualde, José Ignacio (1991), Basque phonology, New York: Routledge, ISBN 9780203168004
  • Kachru, Yamuna (2006), Hindi, John Benjamins Publishing, ISBN 90-272-3812-X
  • Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
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  • Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
  • Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
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  • Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
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  • Wheeler, Max W (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925814-7
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