Volozhin Yeshiva

Volozhin Yeshiva
	Photograph of the Volozhin yeshiva
Other name	Yeshivas Etz Ḥayyim
Active	1803–1939
Founder	Ḥayyim of Volozhin
Religious affiliation	Judaism
Rosh yeshiva	Ḥayyim of Volozhin; Isaac of Volozhin; Eliezer Isaac Fried [he]; Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin; Raphael Shapira; Jacob Shapira; Ḥayyim Wulkin;
Location	Volozhin, Vilna Governorate; (now Minsk Region), Russian Empire; (now Belarus); 54°05′28″N 26°31′40″E / 54.0910°N 26.5279°E

Yeshivas Etz Ḥayyim (Hebrew: ישיבת עץ חיים), commonly called the Volozhin Yeshiva (Yiddish: וואלאזשינער ישיבה, romanized: Volozhiner Yeshiva), was a prestigious Lithuanian yeshiva located in the town of Volozhin in the Russian Empire (now Valozhyn, Belarus). It was founded around 1803 by Rabbi Ḥayyim Volozhiner, a student of the famed Vilna Gaon,^[1] and trained several generations of scholars, rabbis, and leaders. It is considered the first modern yeshiva, and served as a model for later Misnagedic educational institutions.^[3]

The institution reached its zenith under the leadership of Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin, who became rosh yeshiva in 1854.^[3] In 1892, demands of the Russian authorities to increase secular studies forced the yeshiva to close. It re-opened on a smaller scale in 1899 and functioned until the outbreak of World War II in 1939. During the War German soldiers used the building as a stable, and it was subsequently converted into a canteen and deli.^[2] The site was returned to the Jewish community of Belarus in 1989.^[2] It is considered a cultural and architectural landmark,^[2] and in 1998, the Volozhin Yeshiva was registered on the State List of Historical and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of Belarus.^[4]

History

The Volozhin Yeshiva was founded around 1803^[1]^[2] (potentially, as late as 1807)^[5] by Rabbi Ḥayyim Volozhiner. After his death in 1821, he was succeeded as head of the yeshiva by his son, Isaac. When Isaac died in 1849, Rabbi Eliezer Fried was appointed head of the yeshiva, with Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin as his assistant.^[6]

Rabbi Fried died soon after, in 1854, whereupon Rabbi Berlin became the new head along with Rabbi Yosef Dov Soloveitchik, Rabbi Ḥayyim Volozhiner's great-grandson who was the assistant rosh yeshiva.^[6]^[7] In 1865, Soloveichik left to become a rabbi in Slutsk. The Volozhin yeshiva closed in 1892, because of the Russian government's demand for a dramatic increase in the amount of time spent teaching certain secular studies.^[6]

According to some,^[who?] the pressure from the Russian government was due to the Maskilim accusing the yeshiva of being subversive.^[7]

The biography of R. Ḥayyim Soleveitchik states there were secular studies taught for a short period some nights that were barely attended. However these were concessions legally mandated that the rosh hayeshivas felt were necessary rather than shut down the yeshiva. When the government imposed extreme guidelines Rabbi Berlin refused to comply and allowed the government to close the yeshiva.

"All teachers of all subjects must have college diplomas ... no Judaic subjects may be taught between 9 AM and 3 PM ... no night classes are allowed ... total hours of study per day may not exceed ten."^{[citation needed]}

Historian Shaul Stampfer and others maintain that the root of the problem was Rabbi Berlin's attempt to install his son as Rosh Yeshiva in the face of opposition. Russian government documents that have recently come to light seem to indicate that this was a consideration in the yeshiva's closure.^[8]

Rabbi Refael Shapiro, the son-in-law of Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin, reopened the yeshiva in 1899, albeit on a smaller scale. It remained open until World War II, and was re-established, also on a small scale, in Israel after the war. From 1886 through 1991, alumni of this yeshiva and their descendants ran a synagogue on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, New York that carried the name of this yeshiva.^[9]^[10]

Threat of repossession

In 2000, the Valozhyn authorities returned the building to the Jewish Religious Union of Belarus, an Orthodox Jewish umbrella organization. In 2007, the government of Belarus threatened to repossess the building unless the community raised $20,000 in order to renovate it. The Jewish community in America took action and Agudath Israel raised money to restore the site.^[11] The yeshiva building is presently undergoing restoration through the partnership of Yad Yisroel and the Union of Religious Congregations of the Republic of Belarus.^[12]

Faculty

Rosh Yeshiva

R' Chaim of Volozhin - founding Rosh Yeshiva (1803-1821)
R' Yitzchak of Volozhin - son of R' Chaim (1813-1849)
R' Eliezer Yitzchak Fried - son of R' Hillel, son-in-law of R' Yitzchak (1849-1854)
R' Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin - son-in-law of R' Yitzchak (1854-1892)

Assistant Rosh Yeshiva

R' Yechiel Michel of Minsk - author of Zecher L'Yisrael (ca. 1803–1810)
R' Hillel Fried - son-in-law of R' Chaim (1803-1813)
R' Yosef Dov Soloveitchik - great-grandson of R' Chaim (1854-1865)
R' Chaim Hillel Fried - son of R' Eliezer Yitzchak (1865-1867)
R' Refael Shapiro - son-in-law of the Netziv (1870-1881)
R' Chaim Soloveitchik of Brisk - son-in-law of R. Refael (1881-1892)
R' Chaim Berlin - son of the Netziv (1890-1892)

Rashei Yeshiva post-relocation

R' Refael Shapiro - son-in-law of the Netziv (1895-1915)
R' Yaakov Shapiro - son of R' Refael (1922-1936)
R' Chaim Walkin - son-in-law of R' Yaakov (1936-1940)

Notable alumni

Many scholars became renowned following their time learning in Volozhin. Among them are:

Gallery

Volozhin yeshiva
Tempera, Anatoly Nalivaev, 1964
Tempera, Anatoly Nalivaev, 1967

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Stampfer, Shaul (2008). "Volozhin, Yeshiva of". In Hundert, Gershon (ed.). YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. New Haven: Yale University Press.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Volozhin Yeshiva". World Monuments Fund. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
^ ^a ^b Helmreich, William B. (2000). The World of the Yeshiva: An Intimate Portrait of Orthodox Jewry. KTAV Publishing House. pp. 6–8. ISBN 978-0-88125-641-3. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
^ "Jews of Belarus Move to Save Their Past". East European Jewish Heritage Project. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011.
^ "חוברת של קרן התורה - (page 7 of 54)". www.hebrewbooks.org. Retrieved 2024-08-20.
^ ^a ^b ^c Wolkenfeld, David. "Rabbi Hayyim Soloveitchik of Brisk". sefaria.org. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
^ ^a ^b Schloss, Chaim (2002). 2000 Years of Jewish History: From the Destruction of the Second Bais Hamikdash Until the Twentieth Century. Feldheim Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58330-214-9.
^ "Shaul Stampfer". The Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History.^{[better source needed]}
^ Kadinsky, Sergey (29 March 2018). "Rutgers Bathhouse, Lower East Side". Forgotten NY.
^ Jablons, Abraham. "Volozhiners in America". JewishGen.
^ "Old building of Volozhiner Yeshiva to be confiscated". The Yeshiva World. 3 May 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2007.
^ "About Us". Yeshiva Eitz Chaim Volozhin, Belarus.

Bibliography

Stampfer, Shaul. Lithuanian Yeshivas of the Nineteenth Century.
Leoni, E. (1970). Wolozyn; sefer shel ha-ir-shel yeshivat "Ets Hayim" (in Hebrew). Tel-Aviv.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)