Wanjiwalku

The Wanjiwalku were an indigenous Australian people of the state of New South Wales.

Language

Norman Tindale, who had worked intensely with his informant George Dutton on the Wanjiwalku language, argued that, though separate tribes, both the Wanjiwalku and their western neighbours, the Malyangapa, spoke the same dialect.^[1] Later studies by Luise Hercus and Peter Austin have determined that Wanjiwalku was a dialect of Paakantyi, while Malyangapa was morphological almost identical to the language spoken by the Yardliyawara, and to be classified as a member of the Yarli dialect cluster.^[2]

Country

The Wanjiwalku were estimated by Tindale to have had around 8,000 square miles (21,000 km²) of tribal land extending from the vicinity of Milparinka to White Cliffs, and running east from close to Mount Arrowsmith as far as the area near Tongo Lake. Their lands took in Yancannia and the area east of Lake Bancannia.^[1]

Edward Micklethwaite Curr describing the tough environment of Wanjiwalku lands wrote that the earliest white explorer Charles Sturt almost expired there:-

The country of the Pono forms a portion of the interior traversed by Captain Sturt in 1845 and described in such dismal colours as destined to be for ever uninhabitable by civilized people. It was here that, living in an underground room as a protection against the intense heat, his nails ceased to grow; the hairs of his head split at the end; Lucifer matches dropped, from the hand, light of themselves on reaching the ground, and so on; and yet this country has been found for several years to make good sheep-runs.^[3]

Alternative names

Weyneubulkoo
Wonipalku
Wanyabalku
Wonjimalku
Pono
Pernowie, Pernowrie
Kongait
Tongaranka^[1]

Some words

chukeroo (kangaroo)
koonai (tame dog)
thirita (wild dog)
kooma (father)
ngumma (mother)
birre-birre (white man)^[4]

Notes

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c Tindale 1974, p. 200.
^ Austin & Hercus 2004, pp. 213, 217.
^ Crozier 1886, p. 153.
^ Crozier 1886, p. 154.

Sources

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Crozier, H (1886). "Evelyn Creek" (PDF). In Curr, Edward Micklethwaite (ed.). The Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent. Vol. 2. Melbourne: J. Ferres. pp. 152–155.
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Morton, A. W. (1886). "Near the North-west corner of New South Wales" (PDF). In Curr, Edward Micklethwaite (ed.). The Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent. Vol. 2. Melbourne: J. Ferres. pp. 158–161.
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Newland, Simpson (1926). Memoirs of Simpson Newland. Adelaide: F.W. Preech and Sons.
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Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Wanjiwalku (NSW)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.

[FOOTNOTETindale1974200-1] Tindale 1974, p. 200.

[FOOTNOTEAustinHercus2004213,_217-2] Austin & Hercus 2004, pp. 213, 217.

[FOOTNOTECrozier1886153-3] Crozier 1886, p. 153.

[FOOTNOTECrozier1886154-4] Crozier 1886, p. 154.

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