War Shipping Administration

The War Shipping Administration (WSA) was a World War II emergency war agency of the US government, tasked to purchase and operate the civilian shipping tonnage the United States needed for fighting the war. Both shipbuilding under the Maritime Commission and ship allocation under the WSA to Army, Navy or civilian needs were closely coordinated though Vice Admiral Emory S. Land who continued as head of the Maritime Commission while also heading the WSA.^[1]^[2]

Establishment

A shortage of vessels further complicated by requirements to take vessels out of service for conversion and armament was of concern at the highest levels, including the President. Particular concern that available shipping would not be used effectively led to his establishment immediately on the nation's active entry into the war of the Strategic Shipping Board composed of the Chairman of the Maritime Commission, Army Chief of Staff, Chief of Naval Operations and Mr. Harry Hopkins reporting directly to the President. Differences between the organizations and lack of decisive authority short of the President limited the board's effectiveness. An additional need was an effective routine interaction with the British Ministry of War Transport, already given management of British merchant shipping, for coordination of all Allied merchant shipping. Upon establishment of the WSA the Strategic Shipping Board continued in existence in a much diminished role under the Joint Chiefs of Staff.^[3]

On February 7, 1942, the WSA was established by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Executive Order No. 9054. February 7, 1942 as the U.S. had entered the war. The WSA was administratively split off from the United States Maritime Commission, established in 1936, which oversaw design and construction of merchant type vessels. Those included the production of Liberty ships and Victory ships among other types. The U.S. fleet expanded to some 3,500 dry cargo vessels and over 900 high speed tankers.

Operations

On a practical level The Maritime Commission and the WSA worked closely together under the administration of Vice Admiral Emory S. Land at the head of each. Land described this relationship in his report to The President of WSA's progress through December 31, 1943:

Under the Merchant Marine Act of 1936, the United States Maritime Commission was established as an independent agency to direct and control all phases of overseas shipping and shipbuilding. It became apparent immediately when this Nation entered the war that a special agency to deal with the operational problems peculiar to war was necessary to supplement the Maritime Commission. That need brought about the creation of the War Shipping Administration on February 7, 1942, which took over from the Maritime Commission virtually all of the Commission's major statutory functions with the exception of shipbuilding. Thus WSA became the Government's ship operating agency and the Maritime Commission its shipbuilding agency.^[2]

The WSA authority was extensive. In the same report to the President, Land describes the responsibility:

The responsibility of the WSA under the Executive Order of February 7, 1942, extended to all phases of shipping including the purchase or requisition of vessels for its own use or the use of the Army, Navy, or other Government agencies; the repairing, arming, and degaussing of WSA controlled vessels and Allied vessels under lend-lease provision; conversion of vessels to troop transports, hospital ships, and for other special purposes; training and providing ship personnel, operating, loading, discharging and general control of the movement of these ships; administering and marine and war risk insurance laws and funds, and the control of terminal and port facilities, forwarding and related matters.^[2]

Under that authority cargo hulls were allocated to either commerce, Army or Navy. Many of the Army's ships and Naval transports were allocated by WSA. WSA, through its agents, directly operated ships in support of the services and civilian requirements.^[4] Among the more notable WSA operated ships were large and fast troop transports able to sail largely without escort with WSA operated Argentina, Brazil, John Ericsson, Lurline, Mariposa, Monterey, and Uruguay being among those ships.^[5]

In addition, the WSA worked closely with the British Ministry of War Transport through the Combined Shipping Adjustment Board in ensuring most efficient use of available ship hulls and cargo carrying capacity.^[2]^[6]

Under the "loading, discharging and general control of the movement of these ships" WSA developed and enforced improved methods of utilizing ship capacity and avoiding inefficient use of ships by commerce and the military services.^[7]

Post war

After the war, WSA vessels were used to carry home the huge number of armed personnel overseas, as part of Operation Magic Carpet. Over 3,500,000 men were brought home from overseas areas by December 1, 1945.

On September 1, 1946, the WSA functions were returned to the Maritime Commission.^[8]

Notes

^ Division of Public Inquiries—Office of War Information 1945.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d War Shipping Administration 1944.
^ Wardlow 1999, pp. 42–45.
^ Wardlow 1999, p. 166.
^ Wardlow 1999, p. 222.
^ Department of State Publication 8484 1969.
^ Leighton & Coakley 1955–68, pp. 63–67.
^ NAVSEA Shipbuilding Support Office.

References

Department of State Publication 8484 (1969). "Agreement, with annex, signed at London August 5, 1944 Entered into force May 24, 1945 Terminated March 2, 1946 (1)". Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776–1949. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 22 September 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Division of Public Inquiries—Office of War Information (1945). "U.S. Government Manual 1945 – United States Maritime Commission". Reproduced at ibiblio.org HyperWar. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
Leighton, Richard M; Coakley, Robert W (1955–68). The War Department — Global Logistics And Strategy 1940–1943 (extract pp. 63–67 at "Army Ships" web pages). United States Army In World War II. Washington, DC: Center Of Military History, United States Army. LCCN 55-60001. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
NAVSEA Shipbuilding Support Office. "Maritime Administration (MARAD)". Naval Vessel Register. NAVSEA Shipbuilding Support Office. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
Wardlow, Chester (1999). The Technical Services—The Transportation Corps: Responsibilities, Organization, And Operations. United States Army In World War II. Washington, DC: Center Of Military History, United States Army. LCCN 99490905.
War Shipping Administration (1944). "War Shipping Administration Report to The President, 1944". U.S. Merchant Marine at War. Reproduced at ibiblio.org HyperWar. Retrieved 22 September 2013.

Bibliography

Ships for Victory: A History of Shipbuilding under the U.S. Maritime Commission in World War II, by Frederic C. Lane. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8018-6752-5 LCCN 2001018657