O'Neil, a mathematician, analyses how the use of big data and algorithms in a variety of fields, including insurance, advertising, education, and policing, can lead to decisions that harm the poor, reinforce racism, and amplify inequality. According to National Book Foundation:[1]
Most troubling, they reinforce discrimination: If a poor student can't get a loan because a lending model deems him too risky (by virtue of his zip code), he's then cut off from the kind of education that could pull him out of poverty, and a vicious spiral ensues. Models are propping up the lucky and punishing the downtrodden, creating a "toxic cocktail for democracy."
She posits that these problematic mathematical tools share three key features: they are opaque, unregulated, and difficult to contest. They are also scalable, thereby amplifying any inherent biases to affect increasingly larger populations. WMDs, or Weapons of Math Destruction, are mathematical algorithms that supposedly take human traits and quantify them, resulting in damaging effects and the perpetuation of bias against certain groups of people.
Reception
The book received widespread praise for elucidating the consequences of reliance on big data models for structuring socioeconomic resources. Clay Shirky from The New York Times Book Review said "O'Neil does a masterly job explaining the pervasiveness and risks of the algorithms that regulate our lives," while pointing out that "the section on solutions is weaker than the illustration of the problem".[5]Kirkus Reviews praised the book for being "an unusually lucid and readable" discussion of a technical subject.[6]
Poovey, Mary (September 2017), "Review of Weapons of Math Destruction", Notices of the American Mathematical Society, 64 (8): 933–935, doi:10.1090/noti1561
Tunstall, Samuel (January 2018), "Models as weapons (review of Weapons of Math Destruction", Numeracy, 11 (1), doi:10.5038/1936-4660.11.1.10
Woodson, Thomas (August 2018), "Review of Weapons of Math Destruction", Journal of Responsible Innovation, 5 (3): 361–363, doi:10.1080/23299460.2018.1495027
Bansal, Gaurav (January 2019), "Review of Weapons of Math Destruction", Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research, 21 (1): 60–63, doi:10.1080/15228053.2019.1587571, S2CID189618193
Verma, Shikha (June 2019), "Review of Weapons of Math Destruction", Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, 44 (2): 97–98, doi:10.1177/0256090919853933
^"Euler Book Prize"(PDF), Prizes and Awards, Joint Mathematics Meetings, pp. 3–4, January 2019, retrieved 2019-07-20 – via American Mathematical Society