Yekaterina Zelenko

Yekaterina Zelenko
Yekaterina Zelenko
Native name	Russian: Екатерина Ивановна Зеленко; Ukrainian: Катерина Іванівна Зеленко
Born	23 February [O.S. 10 February] 1916; Koroshchine, Ovruchsky Uyezd, Volhynian Governorate, Russian Empire
Died	12 September 1941 (aged 25); Sumy Oblast, Soviet Union
Allegiance	Soviet Union
Service / branch	Soviet Air Force
Years of service	1934 – 1941
Rank	Senior Lieutenant
Unit	11th Light Bomber Regiment; 135th Short-range Bomber Regiment
Battles / wars	World War II Winter War; Eastern Front; ;
Awards	Hero of the Soviet Union ; Order of the Red Banner

Yekaterina Ivanovna Zelenko (Russian: Екатерина Ивановна Зеленко, Ukrainian: Катерина Іванівна Зеленко; 23 February [O.S. 10 February] 1916 – 12 September 1941) was a Soviet Su-2 pilot who flew during the Winter War and World War II. She remains the only woman ever credited with conducting an aerial ramming, though many aviation historians question the credibility of such reports due to a lack of solid evidence.

Early life

Zelenko was born in 1916 to a Russian family^[a] in the village of Koroshchine, then part of the Volhynian Governorate of the Russian Empire. She completed seven grades of school in Kursk before moving with her mother to Voronezh, where she entered the Voronezh Secondary Flying School. In October 1933 she graduated from the Voronezh Flying Club and was sent to the 3rd Orenburg Military Flying Academy named after Kliment Voroshilov.^[2]

In December 1934, she graduated with honors and was posted to Kharkiv on assignment to the 19th Light Bomber Brigade. From January 1936 until April 1938, she was assigned to the 14th Squadron of the Kharkov military district, after which she was assigned to the 4th Light Bomber Regiment, and from February to March 1940 she participated in the Soviet-Finnish War as a R-Zet pilot in the 11th Light Bomber Regiment. She flew eight missions during the conflict, for which she was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.^[2]^[b]

World War II

On the eve of the German invasion of the Soviet Union Zelenko was an instructor pilot teaching other pilots to fly the Sukhoi Su-2.^[5] From the start of the war she was flight commander in the 135th Short-range Bomber Aviation Regiment. Starting on 5 July she made combat missions on an Su-2 over the Ukrainian SSR, for which she was thanked by the leadership of the 21st Army. For skillful work as a flight commander she was promoted to deputy squadron commander in August. On 12 September 1941 she took off from a reconnaissance mission from the Zerestovka airfield in an Su-2 with Nikolai Pavlyk as her aerial gunner. While returning from the mission she was attacked by at least two Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters. One of the fighters chased after her squadron commander Lebedev, leaving Zelenko alone. Her Su-2 was shot down by fire from the enemy fighters. Pavlyk saw her slumped in the pilot's chair, either dead or seriously wounded, and then bailed out of the plane. The Su-2 crashed near the village of Anastasyevka. Villagers on the ground from the reidentification lane and found her identification documents. After Pavlyk returned to base he informed command that they were shot down and that Zelenko was either dead or badly wounded, but he did not seek out the crash site since he was afraid the Germans were there and did not want to become a prisoner of war. ^[c]^[6]

Her husband Pavel Ignatenko died in an aviation accident in 1943.^[7]

Aerial ramming controversy

According to the official version of events in her 1990 awarding of the title Hero of the Soviet Union, the events leading to her death went as follows: On 12 September 1941, Zelenko's Su-2 was attacked by seven Bf 109s. After shooting down two of them she ran out of ammunition, so she launched a downward ramming which tore a Bf 109 in two as the propeller of her plane hit the German aircraft's tail. According to some accounts the Su-2 exploded, leading to the breakup of the cockpit.^[7]

While it is undisputed that she flew 40 missions on the Su-2 and engaged in 12 aerial battles, many aviation historians from both Russia and the US strongly doubt or outright disagree with the claim that Zelenko actually committed an aerial ramming, pointing out major discrepancies in the accounts describing her alleged ramming. Her first nomination for the title Hero of the Soviet Union did not mention an aerial ramming at all; claims about the location of the ramming itself, the location of her final resting place, and the evidence that was used to conclude that she conducted the ramming have been brought into question. For flying 40 missions she qualified for the title Hero of the Soviet Union, she was initially just awarded the Order of Lenin, likely because she was considered missing. In 1965 there was a petition to award her the title Hero of the Soviet Union on the basis of her alleged aerial ramming, but it was rejected due to a lack of evidence that she did an aerial ramming. After the petition many journalists wrote about the alleged ramming without providing solid evidence, resulting in later petitions suggesting she be awarded the title.^[8]^[9]

Awards and recognition

2014 Russian postage stamp depicting Zelenko and an aerial ramming credited to her

Awards

Hero of the Soviet Union (5 May 1990)
Two Orders of Lenin (29 December 1941 and 5 May 1990)
Order of the Red Banner (19 May 1940)

Memorials and recognitions

The minor planet 1900 Katyusha was named in her honor.^[10]
Her portrait appeared on a Soviet envelope in 1983 before she was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union, and later on a 2014 postage stamp of the Russian Federation. (pictured)^[11]^[12]
There are streets bearing her name as well as various monuments and statues in her honor throughout Russia and Ukraine.^[9]

Footnotes

^ Some sources say that she was an ethnic Ukrainian, but her official award nomination says she was an ethnic Russian.^[1]
^ Despite the popular misconception, Zelenko was not the only woman pilot of the Soviet Air Force who flew in the Winter War. For example, pilot Antonina Yefimovna Adaeva was awarded the Order of the Red Star for participating in the war.^[3]^[4]
^ Sources on the number of Bf 109s she was attacked by varies, ranging from two to seven.

References

^ 1941 Hero of the Soviet Union nomination sheet
^ ^a ^b Simonov & Chudinova 2017, p. 61.
^ "Page 1". Mariskaya Pravda (in Russian). 10 July 1940. p. 1. Летчик Антонина Ефимовна Адаева, награжденная орденом Красной звезды за участие б борьбе с белофиннами.
^ Antonina Adaeva award documents
^ Cottam 1998, p. 31.
^ Simonov & Chudinova 2017, p. 61-62.
^ ^a ^b Cottam 1998, p. 33.
^ Sakaida, Henry (5 January 2018). "Yekaterina Zelenko - Only Woman to Ram an Enemy Aircraft - Fact or Fiction?". A War to be Won. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
^ ^a ^b Simonov & Chudinova 2017, p. 63.
^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). "(1900) Katyusha". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1900) Katyusha. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 152. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1901. ISBN 978-3-540-29925-7.
^ "Зеленко Екатерина Ивановна на почтовом конверте 1983 года". filpersona.ru. Retrieved 2019-06-13.
^ "(stamp)". rusmarka.ru. MARKA Publishing & Trading Centre. 2014.

Bibliography

Simonov, Andrey; Chudinova, Svetlana (2017). Женщины - Герои Советского Союза и России. Moscow: Russian Knights Foundation, Museum of Technology V. Zadorozhny. ISBN 9785990960701. OCLC 1019634607.
Cottam, Kazimiera (1998). Women in War and Resistance: Selected Biographies of Soviet Women Soldiers. Newburyport, MA: Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Co. ISBN 1585101605. OCLC 228063546.
Zaitsev, A (1966). "Герония воздушного тарана". Авиация и космонавтика (in Russian) (3): 50–51.