Navalnaya was born Yulia Borisovna Abrosimova on 24 July 1976 in Moscow, Soviet Union, in the family of scientist Boris Aleksandrovich Abrosimov (1952–1996) and Alla Vladimirovna Abrosimova.[1] Her mother worked for the Ministry of Light Industry; her parents divorced when Navalnaya was in fifth grade, and her mother married a second time, to an employee of the USSR State Planning Committee. In 2020, journalist Oleg Kashin alleged that Navalnaya's father was Boris Borisovich Abrosimov, then serving as secretary of the Russian embassy in Great Britain, associated with the special services, and that her aunt was Elena Borisovna Abrosimova, one of the authors of the Russian constitution. In response, Navalny published a death certificate for his father-in-law, dated 1996.[2]
Navalnaya worked for some time at a Moscow bank.[4]
Supporting her husband
Navalnaya with Alexei Navalny at a 12 June 2013 march in Moscow
In 2000, Navalnaya, together with her husband Alexei Navalny, joined the Yabloko party,[3] which she left in May 2011.[5]
After 2007, Navalny gained fame in Russia as a blogger and opposition politician. Navalnaya became the first secretary and assistant to her husband. The family's life became noticeably more public, so that Navalnaya was in the spotlight as the "first lady of the Russian opposition".[4] Observers note that she never tried to position herself as an independent figure: Navalnaya always behaves like a devoted wife and companion ("the Decembrist's wife"), ready for harsh statements and decisive actions if her husband needs it, but not directly related to politics. She spoke at a number of rallies; she called the head of the National Guard of RussiaViktor Zolotov, who in September 2018 challenged Alexei Navalny to a "duel", as a "thief, coward and impudent bandit".[6][7]
Navalnaya and Navalny hugging after Navalny's release from custody after a successful appeal to the prosecutor's office on 19 July 2013
Navalnaya attracted close public attention in the late summer and early fall of 2020, when her husband was urgently hospitalised in Omsk following a suspected poisoning. She demanded that Navalny be released to Germany for treatment, and even turned directly to Russian president Vladimir Putin.[8][9][10] After German experts confirmed Navalny's poisoning, Russian physician Leonid Roshal said that no poisonous substance was found in Navalny's samples in Russia and suggested creating a Russian-German team on this matter. Navalnaya accused him of acting "not as a doctor, but as the voice of the state."[11][12][13] She followed her husband to Berlin, was next to him at the Charité hospital, and Navalny later posted a message "Yulia, you saved me".[14]Novaya Gazeta and its audience named Navalnaya its 2020 Hero of the Year.[15]
In January 2021, Navalnaya returned to Russia with her husband. After Navalny was detained at the border control, she made a statement that the arrest and the closure of the airport in Vnukovo were a manifestation of the Russian authorities' fear of Navalny. "Alexei said that he is not afraid", she said. "— And I'm not afraid either. And I urge you all not to be afraid."[16] Later, Navalnaya accused the security officials of "persecut[ing] [her] as the wife of an enemy of the people." She wrote on Instagram: "The Year of '37 has come, and we did not notice."[17][18][19] On 21 January, Navalnaya announced that she would go attend the 2021 Russian protests to demand the release of her husband.[20] On 23 January, she was detained, but released the same evening.[21]
On 16 February 2024, the Russian prison service announced that her husband had died in prison at the IK-3 penal colony in Yamalo-Nenets, north of the Arctic Circle. His supporters suspected that he had been tortured in prison, and they, along with Western world leaders, believe that he was murdered by prison officials on the eve of him being freed in a prison swap with a German prisoner.[22][23] Navalnaya vowed that she would continue his work after his death.[24]
On 9 July 2024, Russia's Basmanny District Court ordered the arrest of Navalnaya (who was not in or living in Russia at the time) for "participating in an extremist community".[25] Days later, she was placed on Russia's official list of terrorists and extremists.[26]
Independent political career
In September 2020, after the poisoning of Navalny, opinions began to appear that Navalnaya was beginning to play an independent political role and might become the "Russian Tsikhanouskaya" — the leader of the entire opposition.[27][28][29] Political analyst Konstantin Kalachev said in January 2021 that Navalnaya's role had changed: "From the wife of a politician, she is herself becoming a politician"; "she has charisma and charm, and can easily replace her husband if necessary".[30] Political strategist Abbas Gallyamov compared Navalnaya to Corazon Aquino, the wife of the main opposition leader in the Philippines who opposed the regime of Ferdinand Marcos, the dictator that ruled the Philippines for twenty years.[31][32][33] There were also opinions that such a turn of events is unlikely.[34]
In January 2021, the pro-Kremlin channel Tsargrad TV threatened to publish intimate files of Alexei Navalny unless Navalnaya promised "not to become Tsikhanouskaya in Russia" and "not to play political games".[35][36]
After hearing reports of her husband's death in February 2024, Navalnaya, who had been attending the Munich Security Conference, subsequently gave a speech in which she said that if her husband had died, Putin and his allies would "be brought to justice".[37] Soon afterwards she published a video online stating that she plans to continue her husband's political work, and asked Russians to rally around her as they did around her husband, saying: "I want to live in a free Russia, I want to build a free Russia."[38] On 28 February 2024, Navalnaya addressed the European Parliament after being invited by EP president Roberta Metsola. During her speech she accused Vladimir Putin of having orchestrated her husband's murder and said that European leaders need to "stop being boring" and innovate if they want to defeat Putin.[39]
On 21 October 2024, on the eve of launching Navalny's memoir Patriot, Navalnaya gave an interview to the BBC, in which she stated that she would stand for president of Russia once Putin was no longer in power. She said that she would like to see Putin behind bars, punished for his crimes. She said that the Anti-Corruption Foundation (now led by her) has evidence which will be released once all of the details have been collected.[40][45]
Recognition and influence
President Joe Biden hugs Yulia Navalnaya in San Francisco, California on 22 February 2024
In 2015, Navalnaya was ranked 67th in the top 100 most influential women in Russia by Echo of Moscow.[46] After Alexei Navalny received a suspended sentence, the opinion was expressed that Navalnaya could nominate herself for the presidency instead of him. According to Russian public figure Ksenia Sobchak, in 2018 she offered this option to Navalny, but he rejected it saying "votes are not handed over".[47]
In 2020, Novaya Gazeta and its audience named Navalnaya its Hero of the Year.[15]
In the same year, Russian writer Dmitry Bykov said that Navalnaya reminded him of the heroine of Lyudmila Petrushevskaya: she "faces circumstances stronger than her, but some miracle helps her to defeat the world's evil."[48]
Key European media outlets have closely followed her activity and quoted her posts on social networks.[4]
In April 2024, Time Magazine listed her as one of the 100 most influential persons of 2024.[49]
On 3 June 2024, she received the Human Rights Prize from Oslo Freedom Forum on behalf of her late husband. In her speech, she said that "I would wish that this prize was not necessary. But dictators around the world continue killing freedom fighters".[50]
Personal life
In the summer of 1998, while on vacation in Turkey, Navalnaya met Alexei Navalny, a lawyer, also a resident of Moscow. In 2000, she and Navalny were married, and the couple had a daughter and a son. She helped her husband's parents in their business related to basket weaving.[3] After 2007, Navalnaya did not officially work anywhere, calling herself "the main one in matters of everyday life and raising children".[4]
Navalnaya was prevented from seeing her husband for two years leading up to his death.[40] On 16 February 2024, the Russian prison service announced that Navalny had died in prison.[22][23]
^ abcdCheprasova, Elizaveta (18 January 2021). "Первая леди оппозиции: что мы знаем о Юлии Навальной" [First Lady of the opposition: what do we know about Yulia Navalnaya]. woman.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ abChelishcheva, Vera (26 December 2020). ""Юля, ты меня спасла"" [Yulia, you saved me]. Novaya Gazeta (in Russian). Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
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