Zhu Yujian

Names
	Zhu Yujian (朱聿鍵)
Era name and dates
	Longwu (隆武): 18 August 1645 – 4 February 1647
Regnal name
	Emperor Siwen (思文皇帝)
Posthumous name
	Emperor Peitian Zhidao Hongyi Sumu Siwen Liewu Minren Guangxiao Xiang (配天至道弘毅肅穆思文烈武敏仁廣孝襄皇帝)
Temple name
	Shaozong (紹宗)

Longwu Emperor
隆武帝
Longwu Emperor ; 隆武帝
Emperor of the Southern Ming dynasty
Reign	18 August 1645 – 6 October 1646
Predecessor	Hongguang Emperor
Successor	Shaowu Emperor
Prince of Tang
First tenure	18 July 1632 – 17 December 1632
Predecessor	Zhu Shuohuang, Prince Duan
Successor	Zhu Yuse, Prince Min
Second tenure	31 July 1645 – 18 August 1645
Predecessor	Zhu Yuse, Prince Min
Successor	Zhu Yuyue
Prince of Nanyang
Tenure	1644 – 31 July 1645
Born	25 May 1602; Wanli 30, 5th day of the 4th month; (萬曆三十年四月初五日)
Died	6 October 1646 (aged 44); Longwu 2, 28th day of the 8th month; (隆武二年八月二十八日); Shunzhi 3, 28th day of the 8th month; (順治三年八月二十八日)
Burial	Luohanling (羅漢嶺), Tingzhou
Spouse	Empress Xiaoyixiang
Issue	Zhu Linyuan, Crown Prince Zhuangjing
Names
Names
	Zhu Yujian (朱聿鍵)
Era name and dates
	Longwu (隆武): 18 August 1645 – 4 February 1647
Regnal name
	Emperor Siwen (思文皇帝)
Posthumous name
	Emperor Peitian Zhidao Hongyi Sumu Siwen Liewu Minren Guangxiao Xiang (配天至道弘毅肅穆思文烈武敏仁廣孝襄皇帝)
Temple name
	Shaozong (紹宗)
House	House of Zhu
Dynasty	Southern Ming
Father	Zhu Qisheng
Mother	Lady Mao

Zhu Yujian (Chinese: 朱聿鍵; pinyin: Zhū Yùjiàn; 1602 – 6 October 1646), nickname Changshou (長壽), originally the Prince of Tang, later reigned as the Longwu Emperor (Chinese: 隆武帝; pinyin: Lóngwǔ Dì) of the Southern Ming dynasty from 18 August 1645, when he was enthroned in Fuzhou, to 6 October 1646, when he was captured and executed by a contingent of the Qing army.^[1] He was an eighth generation descendant of Zhu Jing, Prince Ding of Tang, who was the 23rd son of Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu Emperor).^[2]

Early life

Before ascending to the throne, he followed his father as the Prince of Tang, their fief being situated in Nanyang prefecture, in Henan province. In 1636, he was stripped of his title by the Chongzhen Emperor and put under house arrest in Fengyang. His former title was transferred to his younger brother Zhu Yumo (朱聿鏌). In 1641, Zhu Yumo committed suicide when Li Zicheng invaded Nanyang. After the death of the Chongzhen Emperor 1644, his successor on the Ming throne, the Hongguang Emperor, released the Prince of Tang from his arrest.

Reign

When Qing forces captured Nanjing in June 1645, he fled to Hangzhou. However, when Hangzhou fell to the Qing on 6 July 1645, the Prince of Tang managed to escape by land to the southeastern province of Fujian.^[3]

In August of the same year, at the behest of several high officials, he ascended to the Ming throne in Fuzhou, taking the reign title "Longwu" (隆武; pinyin: Lóngwǔ). His era name means "plentiful and martial". After a promising start, Fujian's geographical position on the margin of the empire, cut off from the heartland by several mountain ranges, as well as his lack of effective troops and the failure on part of the officialdom to find a united stance doomed the Longwu government. When Qing forces invaded Fujian in the late summer of 1646, Zheng Zhilong, the emperor's strongest ally, surrendered while his son Zheng Chenggong (the famous Koxinga) retreated to the sea.

The Prince of Tang was left with a dwindling court. On 6 October 1646, he was captured and immediately executed.

Personality

Against the Ming policy of keeping imperial princes out of politics, the Prince of Tang early on showed interest in the government of the empire and strove for a larger role of the princes in it. His initiatives had brought him under house arrest during the reign of the Chongzhen Emperor, but his knowledge of history and of Ming institutions, paired with a diligent personality, made him take his imperial role seriously.^[4]

Zhu Yujian is said to have had a very close relationship with his wife, who had shared his hardship when he was incarcerated.^[4] Contrary to Chinese custom, he steadfastly declined to take any concubines.

Family

Consorts and Issue:

Empress Xiaoyixiang, of the Zeng clan (孝毅襄皇后曾氏; d. 1646)
- Zhu Linyuan, Crown Prince Zhuangjing (莊敬太子朱琳源; 1646－1646), first son
Concubine, of the Shen clan (沈嫔)
Concubine, of the Chen clan (陳嬪)

Ancestry

Patrilineal descent

Zhu Yujian was the senior-most male-line descendants of Zhu Jing, Prince Ding of Tang, the 23rd son of Zhu Yuanzhang, after his father's death. Therefore, he was an eighth cousin of the Wanli Emperor. This chart only showed the latest actual title of the person(s).

Zhu Yuanzhang, the Hongwu Emperor, 1328–1398
Zhu Jing, Prince Ding of Tang, 1386–1415 (23rd son)
Zhu Qiongda, Prince Xian of Tang, 1412–1475 (4th son & 2nd son as son by primary consort)
Zhu Zhizhi, Prince Zhuang of Tang, 1432–1485 (2nd son)
Zhu Miqian, Comm. Prince Gongjing of Wencheng, d.1516 (3rd son)
Zhu Yuwen, Prince Jing of Tang, 1490–1560
Zhu Zhouyong, Prince Shun of Tang, 1538–1564
Zhu Shuohuang, Prince Duan of Tang, d.1630
Zhu Qisheng, the Hereditary Prince of Tang, d.1629 (1st son)
Zhu Yujian, the Longwu Emperor, 1602–1646 (1st son)

Notes

^ This regnal name was conferred by the Yongli Emperor
^ This posthumous name was conferred by the Yongli Emperor
^ This temple name was conferred by the Yongli Emperor

References

Citations

^ Struve 1988, pp. 665 (date of enthronement) and 676 (date of capture and execution).
^ Struve 1988, p. 665, note 24.
^ Struve 1988, pp. 660–665.
^ ^a ^b Struve 1988, p. 669.

Bibliography

Struve, Lynn A. (1988). "The Southern Ming, 1644–1662". In Frederick W. Mote and Denis Twitchett (ed.). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). "Chu Yü-chien" . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.

Chinese royalty
Zhu Yujian House of Zhu Prince of Tang's line (line of one of the Hongwu Emperor's son) Born: 1602 Died: 1646
Preceded by Zhu Shuohuang, Prince Duan	Prince of Tang (First time) 1632–1636	Succeeded by Zhu Yuse, Prince Min
New title	Prince of Nanyang 1644–1645	Princedom later repealed, for regency of the Ming dynasty
Preceded by Zhu Yuse, Prince Min	Prince of Tang (Second time) 1645	Succeeded by Zhu Yuyue
Regnal titles
Preceded by Zhu Changfang, Prince Min of Lu	Regent of the Southern Ming 1645	Succeeded by Zhu Yihai, Prince of Lu Zhu Changqing, Prince of Huai Zhu Youlang, Prince of Gui
Preceded by Hongguang Emperor	Emperor of the Southern Ming 1645–1646	Succeeded by Shaowu Emperor