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Almoravidit

Almoravidien valtakunnan kartta.

Almoravidit (arab. المرابطون‎, al-Murābitūn) ovat Marokon berberi-imperiumeista ensimmäinen ja suurin. Almoravidit olivat jyrkkää islamin tulkintaa kannattavien Saharan berberiheimojen liitto. Se hallitsi Marokkoa sata vuotta suunnilleen vuodet 1050–1150 ja perusti pääkaupungikseen Marrakechin vuonna 1062.[1][2][3]

Liikkeen kerrotaan alkaneen Lamtuna-heimosta, jonka jäsenet olivat käyneet pyhiinvaelluksella Mekassa ja tuoneet tietoa todellisesta ja oikeasta islamista, jota erityisesti uskonoppinut Ibn Yasin levitti.[4][1] Almoravidit valtasivat ensin Marokon, mistä heidän alueensa laajeni nykyiseen Mauritaniaan, Algeriaan ja isoon osaan nykyistä Senegalia ja Malia.[5] Almoravidit ottivat haltuunsa myös islamilaisen Andalusian lukuisat taifat pysäyttäen kristittyjen etenemisen Toledosta eteenpäin.[1] Espanjasta almoravidit alkoivat vuonna 1126 karkottaa massoittain kristittyjä dhimmejä Afrikkaan joko rangaistuksena tai estääkseen heitä auttamasta vihollisia. Näin saivat alkunsa Pyreneiden niemimaan uskonnolliset karkotukset, joita myöhemmin jatkettiin.[6]

Sadan vuoden kuluttua almoravidit menettivät Marokossa valtansa toiselle berberiliitolle, almohadeille, jotka vuonna 1147 valtasivat Marrakechin.[1]

Nimi

Almoravidien nimi tulee arabialaisesta sanasta murabit, joka tulee sitomista tai kiinnittämistä tarkoittavasta juuresta. "Murabit" on Jumalaan sidottu mies, kuten kameli tolppaan. Ribat on linnoitettu hautamuistomerkki, ja tästä tulee myös Marokon nykyisen pääkaupungin Rabatin nimi, sillä kaupunki oli alkujaan tällainen ribat. Sanan ranskalainen johdos marabout tarkoittaa islamilaista pyhää miestä. Eri muodoissaan sana murabit kulki läpi Marokon historian, ja almoravideista muodostui Marokon militantin islamin esikuvia sukupolvien ajaksi.[3]

Marraskechin almoravidiemiirien valtakaudet 1061-1147
Nimi Alkoi Päättyi Sukulaisuus
Youssef ibn Tachfine 1061 1106
Ali ibn Yusuf 1106 1142 Youssefin poika
Tachfine 1143 1145 Alin poika
Ibrahim ibn Tachfine 1146 1147 Tachfinen poika
Ishaq 1147 1147 Tachfinen setä, Alin poika

Lähteet

  • Collins, Roger: Caliphs and Kings. Spain, 796–1031. Wiley, 2014. ISBN 978-1-118-73001-0 (englanniksi)
  • Fernandez-Morera, Dario: The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise. Muslims, Christians and Jews under Islamic Rule in Medieval Spain. ISI Books, 2016. ISBN 9781610170956 (englanniksi)
  • Geertz, Clifford: Islam Observed, Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia. The University of Chicago Press, 1968. ISBN 0-226-28511-1
  • Robinson, David: Muslim Societies in African History. Cambridge University Press, 2011 (1. painos 2004). ISBN 978-0-521-53366-9 (englanniksi)

Viitteet

  1. ↑ a b c d Almoravids Encyclopaedia Britannica. Viitattu 11.3.2023.
  2. ↑ Kaisu-Maija Nenonen, Ilkka Teerijoki: Historian suursanakirja, s. 632. WSOY, 1998. ISBN 951-0-22044-2
  3. ↑ a b Geertz 1968, s. 43
  4. ↑ Robinson 2011. s. 39
  5. ↑ Almoravids Mauritania: A Country Study. Library of Congress, 1988. (englanniksi)
  6. ↑ Fernandez-Morera, 2016, s. 186, 225; Collins, 2014, s. 95
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