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Kanttiaalto

Erimuotoisia aaltoja. Kanttiaalto toinen ylhäältä.

Kanttiaalloksi (eli sakara-aalloksi tai neliöaalloksi) kutsutaan suorakulman muotoista aaltoa. Ideaalinen kanttiaalto vuorottelee säännöllisesti kahden tason välillä. Sitä käytetään esimerkiksi digitaalisissa laitteissa kellopulssina.

Matemaattisesti kanttiaalto voidaan toteuttaa esimerkiksi askelfunktioiden, kuten signum-funktion avulla, kuten sinifunktion eli siniaallon etumerkin avulla:

missä on aika ja on taajuus. Vaihtoehtoisesti voitaisiin käyttää myös yksikköaskelfunktiota.

Fourier-sarjana ideaalinen kanttiaalto voidaan kirjoittaa muodossa

Kanttiaallon muodostaminen siniaaltojen summana (N on siniaaltojen lukumäärä). Epäjatkuvuuskohdissa on havaittavissa Gibbs-ilmiönä tunnettu ylilyönti, joka on noin 18 % eikä riipu siniaaltojen määrästä.

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