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Abbaye de Quedlinbourg

Abbaye de Quedlinbourg
Image illustrative de l’article Abbaye de Quedlinbourg
La colline de l'abbaye fortifiée.
Présentation
Nom local Stift Quedlinburg
Culte Catholicisme
Type Abbaye impériale
Début de la construction 936
Site web www.kirchequedlinburg.deVoir et modifier les données sur Wikidata
Géographie
Pays Drapeau de l'Allemagne Allemagne
Région Saxe-Anhalt
Ville Quedlinbourg
Coordonnées 51° 47′ 09″ nord, 11° 08′ 12″ est
Géolocalisation sur la carte : Allemagne
(Voir situation sur carte : Allemagne)
Abbaye de Quedlinbourg

L'abbaye de Quedlinbourg est une ancienne abbaye impériale de chanoinesses, située à Quedlinbourg, dans l'actuel land de Saxe-Anhalt, en Allemagne. Elle fut peut-être fondée (mais sans certitude) en 936 par Otton le Grand à la demande de sa mère, la reine Mathilde de Ringelheim (plus tard canonisée sous le nom de sainte Mathilde), afin d'honorer la mémoire de son père, Henri l'Oiseleur. La collégiale, consacrée à saint Servais en 1129, le château et la vieille ville de Quedlinbourg appartiennent depuis 1994 au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO[1].

Histoire

Richement dotée par les Ottoniens, le chapitre de dames de la haute noblesse (Frauenstift) reçut le statut particulier d'immédiateté impériale, c'est-à-dire qu'il était souverain sur son territoire dépendant directement de l'empereur et que son abbesse siégeait à la diète d'Empire. Le couvent comptait parmi les monastères les plus célèbres, avec les abbayes d'Essen et Cologne en Rhénanie, ainsi que Gandersheim, Gernorde et Herford en Saxe. La reine Mathilde elle-même fut éduquée à Herford.

Vue en direction du nord. Devant : le moulin du château (Schlossmühle Quedlinburg).

L'abbesse avait la dignité de prince d'Empire. Plusieurs de ces abbesses appartenaient à la famille impériale, dont Mathilde de Quedlinbourg, sœur d'Otton II. Elle possédait une bible enluminée du Ve siècle, dont il ne subsiste que les six folios constituant l’Itala de Quedlinbourg (Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Bibliothèque d'État de Berlin, Cod. theol. lat. fol. 485)

Après de laborieuses discussions entre l'abbaye et la cité de Quedlinbourg, en 1479, le chapitre a décidé que l'électeur Ernest de Saxe tenait souvent le rôle de Vogt (bailli) exerçant une protection militaire. En 1539 la réforme protestante est introduite et l'abbaye transformée en congrégation mondiale de dames. Les princes-électeurs saxons cédèrent les droits de baillis aux Brandebourg-Prusse en 1697 et le territoire abbatial était occupé par les troupes de l'électeur Frédéric III de Brandebourg au cours de l'année suivante.

L'abbaye sécularisée en 1801 fut médiatisée en 1803 au profit du royaume de Prusse. Son territoire réuni au royaume de Westphalie en 1807 est rendu à la Prusse en 1815.

Liste des abbesses

Sceau de la 11e abbesse de Quedlinbourg, Agnès II.

Voir aussi

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