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Charles Sauria

Charles Sauria
Charles Sauria en 1870
Biographie
Naissance
Décès
Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata (à 81 ans)
Saint-LothainVoir et modifier les données sur Wikidata
Nationalité
Formation
Activité
signature de Charles Sauria
Signature

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Charles Sauria, né à Poligny le et mort à Saint-Lothain (Jura) le , est un inventeur français. Il est le fils du général d'Empire Jean-Charles Sauriat.

Biographie

En 1831, alors qu'il n'était encore qu'étudiant en chimie au collège de l'Arc[1] situé à Dole (Jura), il inventa les allumettes phosphoriques à friction en remplaçant le sulfure d'antimoine par le phosphore blanc dans la formule de John Walker. On raconte que c'est le souvenir d'une explosion accidentelle survenue lors d'une expérience de chimie en classe de seconde qui lui donna cette idée. Mais il ne possédait pas les 1 500 francs nécessaires au brevet et c'est un Allemand J.F. Kammerer (parfois considéré à tort comme leur véritable inventeur, et informé par le professeur de chimie de Charles Sauria) qui fut le premier à les fabriquer industriellement l'année suivante.

Ce n'est que 55 ans plus tard qu'il se vit reconnaitre la paternité de cette invention. L'Académie nationale agricole, manufacturière et commerciale lui décerne en 1887 une médaille d'argent pour son invention. Il vivra jusqu'à sa mort d'une modeste rente de 1 800 francs par an versée par l'État et liée à la possession d'un bureau de tabac à Paris, à comparer avec les recettes du monopole des allumettes évaluées à 30 millions à la même époque. Mais la Légion d'Honneur lui fut refusée par le Président de la République Jules Grévy, pourtant son ancien camarade de collège de Poligny[2].

Par la suite, Sauria devint médecin. Il se consacra aux soins des plus démunis. Il était également poète, agronome, correspondant et membre de plusieurs sociétés savantes. Disciple de Fourier, Charles Sauria a tenté de mettre en place cette organisation sociale utopique, fondée sur de petites unités autonomes. Il créa avec son frère un phalanstère agricole, exploitation expérimentale dans laquelle les ressources étaient mises en commun.

Références

  1. ↑ Maurice Bouvet, « Les pharmaciens et la découverte des allumettes et briquets », Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie, vol. 42, no 140,‎ , p. 223-233 (DOI 10.3406/pharm.1954.8556).
  2. ↑ cf. Antimanuel d'économie, de Bernard Maris, ed. Bréal, 2006, Paris. voir page 152, se référant à un article paru dans les Echos du 4 aout 2003, https://www.lesechos.fr/04/08/2003/LesEchos/18959-130-ECH_6--charles-sauria-et-les-allumettes.htm (consulté le 30 avril 2018).

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