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Globule de Bok

Globules de Bok de la région HIIIC 2944, captées par le Télescope spatial Hubble

Un globule de Bok est un amas sombre de poussières et de gaz du milieu interstellaire au sein duquel peut commencer la naissance des étoiles. Ils sont courants dans les régions HII et ont typiquement une masse d'environ 10 à 50 masses solaires contenue dans un volume d'environ une année-lumière[1]. Ils contiennent de l'hydrogène moléculaire (H2), des oxydes de carbone, de l'hélium et environ 1 % (en masse) de poussières de silicates. Les globules de Bok conduisent le plus souvent à la formation de systèmes d'étoiles doubles ou multiples[2].

Observation

Les globules de Bok furent observés pour la première fois par l'astronome Bart Bok dans les années 1940. Dans un article publié en 1947, Bok et E.F. Reilly firent l'hypothèse que ces nuages étaient « similaires à des cocons d'insectes » en cours d'effondrement gravitationnel pour former des proto-étoiles à partir desquelles les étoiles et les amas d'étoiles naissent[3]. Cette hypothèse était difficile à vérifier à cause des difficultés d'observation pour comprendre ce qui se passait à l'intérieur d'un nuage dense et sombre qui absorbait toute la lumière visible émise à l'intérieur. Une analyse d'observations faites dans le proche infrarouge publiée en 1990 a confirmé que les étoiles naissaient bien à l'intérieur des globules de Bok[4].

Des observations ultérieures ont montré que certains globules de Bok contenaient des objets chauds[1], d'autres des objets Herbig-Haro[5], et que certains expulsaient du gaz moléculaire[6]. Des études des raies d'émission en ondes millimétriques ont aussi montré l'existence de chute de matière sur une proto-étoile en accrétion[7].

Les globules de Bok sont encore un sujet de recherche très actif. Connus pour être parmi les objets les plus froids de l'univers naturel (jusqu'à 3 kelvins), leur structure et leur densité demeurent assez mystérieuses. Les méthodes utilisées jusqu'à présent reposent sur la densité de colonne déduite de mesures d'extinction en infrarouge proche et même sur le comptage d'étoiles pour tenter de sonder ces objets plus profondément.

Notes et références

  1. a et b (en) Dan P. Clemens, João Lin Yun et Mark H. Meyer, « BOK globules and small molecular clouds – Deep IRAS photometry and (C-12)O spectroscopy », Astrophysical Journal Supplement, vol. 75,‎ , p. 877 (DOI 10.1086/191552, Bibcode 1991ApJS...75..877C)
  2. (en) R. Launhardt, A. I. Sargent, T. Henning, R. Zylka et H. Zinnecker « Binary and multiple star formation in Bok globules » (10–15 April 2000) (Bibcode 2000IAUS..200P.103L, consulté le )
    « (ibid.) », dans Birth and Evolution of Binary Stars, Poster Proceedings of IAU Symposium No. 200 on The Formation of Binary Stars, Potsdam, Germany, Bo Reipurth and Hans Zinnecker, p. 103
  3. (en) Bart J. Bok et Edith F. Reilly, « Small Dark Nebulae », Astrophysical Journal, vol. 105,‎ , p. 255 (DOI 10.1086/144901, Bibcode 1947ApJ...105..255B)
  4. (en) João Lin Yun et Dan P. Clemens, « Star formation in small globules – Bart Bok was correct », Astrophysical Journal Letters, vol. 365,‎ , p. L73 (DOI 10.1086/185891, Bibcode 1990ApJ...365L..73Y)
  5. (en) Bo Reipurth, Steve Heathcote et Frederick Vrba, « Star formation in Bok globules and low-mass clouds. IV – Herbig–Haro objects in B335 », Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 256, no 1,‎ , p. 225 (Bibcode 1992A&A...256..225R)
  6. (en) João Lin Yun et Dan P. Clemens, « Discovery of outflows from young stellar objects in BOK globules », Astrophysical Journal Letters, vol. 385,‎ , p. L21 (DOI 10.1086/186268, Bibcode 1992ApJ...385L..21Y)
  7. (en) Shudong Zhou, Neal J., II Evans, Carsten Koempe et C. M. Walmsley, « Evidence for protostellar collapse in B335 », Astrophysical Journal, Part 1, vol. 404, no 1,‎ , p. 232 (DOI 10.1086/172271, Bibcode 1993ApJ...404..232Z)

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