Espiñas do pene

As espiñas do pene son estruturas queratinizadas con aspecto de espiñas que se encontran na glande ou talo do pene de moitos mamíferos, que poden estar implicadas na selección sexual. Estas espiñas foron descritas como estruturas simples cunha soa punta (macacos) ou complexas con dúas ou tres puntas por espiña (strepsirrinos).^[1] A morfoloxía das espiñas do pene pode estar relacionada co sistema de apareamento.^[2]^[3]

Mamíferos non-humanos

Os felinos, especialmente os gatos domésticos, teñen espiñas do pene. Despois da retirada do pene do gato, as espiñas funcionan como un angazo que rasca as paredes da vaxina da femia, o cal pode inducir a ovulación.^[4]^[5] Moitos outras especies de félidos teñen espiñas do pene, pero son relativamente pequenas en xaguares e pumas, e non aparecen nos maracaiás.^[6]

As espiñas do pene dos chimpancés e ratos son pequenas proxeccións superficiais feitas pola acumulación de capas de células queratinizadas na capa máis externa da sperficie da pel.^[7]^[8] Aparecen tamén nos vombátidos,^[9] coalas,^[10] hienas manchadas,^[11]^[12] fosas,^[13] equidnas,^[14] primates,^[15]^[16]^[17] morcegos,^[18] e varias especies de roedores.^[19]

As espiñas do pene atópanse con frecuencia en especies de primates que forman tapóns copulatorios despois de aparearse.^[20] Nos gálagos, as espiñas do pene poden formar un "bloqueo xenital" durante a copulación.^[21]

Humanos

A diferenza dos chimpancés, unhas variantes morfolóxica relativamente comúns en humanos son as chamadas ou pápulas perladas do pene, son substancialmente máis grandes, parecen ser un embolsamento protuberante da superficie e as capas de tecido conectivo subxacente, e carece da rica innervación que presentan outros animais.^[22]^[23] Ás veces descríbense como restos vestixiais das espiñas do pene.^[7] Porén, as relacións entre as estruturas é aínda incerta.^[24]

Cando a liñaxe dos homininos se dividiu nos xéneros Homo e Pan, unha secuencia de ADN regulatoria asociada coa formación de pequenas espiñas do pene queratinizadas perdeuse na liñaxe de Homo. Esta simplificación da anatomía do pene pode estar asociada cos hábitos sexuais dos humanos.^[25] Nalgunhas especies que manteñen a expresión completa, as espiñas do pene contribúen a incrementar a sensación sexual e orgasmos máis rápidos.^[26] Un hCONDEL (rexión altamente conservada do ADN que contén delecións en humanos) localizado preto do locus do xene do receptor de andróxenos pode ser responsable da perda das espiñas do pene en humanos.^[25]

Aves

Os penes dalgunhas especies de aves presentan espiñas e filamentos parecidos aos dun cepillo.^[27]

Notas

↑ Alan F. Dixson (26 de xaneiro de 2012). Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954464-6. Consultado o 27 de setembro de 2013.
↑ Orr, Teri J., and Patricia LR Brennan. "All Features Great and Small—the Potential Roles of the Baculum and Penile Spines in Mammals." Integrative and Comparative Biology (2016): icw057.
↑ Stockley, P. "Sperm competition risk and male genital anatomy: comparative evidence for reduced duration of female sexual receptivity in primates with penile spines. Arquivado 2017-02-06 en Wayback Machine." Evolutionary Ecology 16.2 (2002): 123-137.
↑ Virginia Douglass Hayssen; Ari Van Tienhoven (1993). Asdell's Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction: A Compendium of Species-specific Data. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-1753-5. Consultado o 27 de setembro de 2013. espiñas.
↑ Aronson, L. R.; Cooper, M. L. (1967). "Penile Spines of the Domestic Cat: Their Endocrine-behavior Relations" (PDF). Anat. Rec. 157 (1): 71–78. PMID 6030760. doi:10.1002/ar.1091570111. Arquivado dende o orixinal (PDF) o 2017-06-20.
↑ Swanson, W. F., et al. "Reproductive status of endemic felid species in Latin American zoos and implications for ex situ conservation." Zoo Biology 22.5 (2003): 421-441.
↑ ^7,0 ^7,1 Hill, W.C.O. Note on the male external genitalia of the chimpanzee. Proc.Zool.Soc. Lond. 116, 129–132 (1946)
↑ Murakami, R. A histological study of the development of the penis of wild-type and androgen-insensitive mice. J. Anat. 153, 223–231 (1987)
↑ Hogan, Lindsay A., Tina Janssen, and Stephen D. Johnston. "Wombat reproduction (Marsupialia; Vombatidae): an update and future directions for the development of artificial breeding technology." Reproduction 145.6 (2013): R157-R173.
↑ Larry Vogelnest; Timothy Portas (1 de maio de 2019). Current Therapy in Medicine of Australian Mammals. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4863-0752-4.
↑ Drea, C. M., et al. "Exposure to naturally circulating androgens during foetal life incurs direct reproductive costs in female spotted hyenas, but is prerequisite for male mating." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 269.1504 (2002): 1981-1987.
↑ R. F. Ewer (1998). The Carnivores. Cornell University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-8014-8493-3. Consultado o 23 de xullo de 2013.
↑ Köhncke, M.; Leonhardt, K. (1986). "Cryptoprocta ferox" (PDF). Mammalian Species (254): 1–5. JSTOR 3503919. doi:10.2307/3503919. Consultado o 19 de maio de 2010.
↑ Larry Vogelnest; Rupert Woods (18 de agosto de 2008). Medicine of Australian Mammals. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-09928-9. Consultado o 23 de xullo de 2013.
↑ Harcourt, A. H., and J. Gardiner. "Sexual selection and genital anatomy of male primates." Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 255.1342 (1994): 47-53.
↑ Dixson, A. F. (1987). "Observations on the evolution of the genitalia and copulatory behaviour in male primates". Journal of Zoology 213 (3): 423–443. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb03718.x.
↑ L. Alterman; Gerald A. Doyle; M.K. Izard (9 de marzo de 2013). Creatures of the Dark. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4757-2405-9.
↑ Elizabeth G. Crichton; Philip H. Krutzsch (12 de xuño de 2000). Reproductive Biology of Bats. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-054053-5.
↑ Dewsbury, Donald A. "On the function of the multiple-intromission, multiple-ejaculation copulatory patterns of rodents." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 18.4 (1981): 221-223.
↑ Dunham, A. E., and V. H. W. Rudolf. "Evolution of sexual size monomorphism: the influence of passive mate guarding." Journal of evolutionary biology 22.7 (2009): 1376-1386.
↑ Dixson, A. F. "Sexual selection, genital morphology, and copulatory behavior in male galagos." International Journal of Primatology 10.1 (1989): 47-55.
↑ Glicksman, JM and Freeman, RG. Pearly penile papules. A statistical study of incidence. Arch. Dermatol. 93:56-59 (1966)
↑ Agrawal, SK et al. Pearly penile papules: a review. Int. J. Dermatology 43:199-201 (2004)
↑ Penile spines versus pearly penile papules in humans
↑ ^25,0 ^25,1 McLean, CY; Reno, PL; et al. (10 de marzo de 2011). "Human-specific loss of regulatory DNA and the evolution of human-specific traits.". Nature 471 (7337): 216–9. Bibcode:2011Natur.471..216M. PMC 3071156. PMID 21390129. doi:10.1038/nature09774.
↑ Paleoanthropology, Genetics, and Evolution
↑ Frank B. Gill (6 de outubro de 2006). Ornithology. Macmillan. pp. 414–. ISBN 978-0-7167-4983-7. Consultado o 5 de decembro de 2012.

Véxase tamén

Outros artigos

Ligazóns externas

[Dixson2012-1] Alan F. Dixson (26 de xaneiro de 2012). Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954464-6. Consultado o 27 de setembro de 2013.

[2] Orr, Teri J., and Patricia LR Brennan. "All Features Great and Small—the Potential Roles of the Baculum and Penile Spines in Mammals." Integrative and Comparative Biology (2016): icw057.

[3] Stockley, P. "Sperm competition risk and male genital anatomy: comparative evidence for reduced duration of female sexual receptivity in primates with penile spines. Arquivado 2017-02-06 en Wayback Machine." Evolutionary Ecology 16.2 (2002): 123-137.

[HayssenTienhoven1993-4] Virginia Douglass Hayssen; Ari Van Tienhoven (1993). Asdell's Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction: A Compendium of Species-specific Data. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-1753-5. Consultado o 27 de setembro de 2013. espiñas.

[Aronson_1967-5] Aronson, L. R.; Cooper, M. L. (1967). "Penile Spines of the Domestic Cat: Their Endocrine-behavior Relations" (PDF). Anat. Rec. 157 (1): 71–78. PMID 6030760. doi:10.1002/ar.1091570111. Arquivado dende o orixinal (PDF) o 2017-06-20.

[6] Swanson, W. F., et al. "Reproductive status of endemic felid species in Latin American zoos and implications for ex situ conservation." Zoo Biology 22.5 (2003): 421-441.

[Hill-7] 7,0 ^7,1 Hill, W.C.O. Note on the male external genitalia of the chimpanzee. Proc.Zool.Soc. Lond. 116, 129–132 (1946)

[8] Murakami, R. A histological study of the development of the penis of wild-type and androgen-insensitive mice. J. Anat. 153, 223–231 (1987)

[9] Hogan, Lindsay A., Tina Janssen, and Stephen D. Johnston. "Wombat reproduction (Marsupialia; Vombatidae): an update and future directions for the development of artificial breeding technology." Reproduction 145.6 (2013): R157-R173.

[VogelnestPortas2019-10] Larry Vogelnest; Timothy Portas (1 de maio de 2019). Current Therapy in Medicine of Australian Mammals. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4863-0752-4.

[11] Drea, C. M., et al. "Exposure to naturally circulating androgens during foetal life incurs direct reproductive costs in female spotted hyenas, but is prerequisite for male mating." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 269.1504 (2002): 1981-1987.

[autogenerated3-12] R. F. Ewer (1998). The Carnivores. Cornell University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-8014-8493-3. Consultado o 23 de xullo de 2013.

[1986Köhncke-13] Köhncke, M.; Leonhardt, K. (1986). "Cryptoprocta ferox" (PDF). Mammalian Species (254): 1–5. JSTOR 3503919. doi:10.2307/3503919. Consultado o 19 de maio de 2010.

[VogelnestWoods2008-14] Larry Vogelnest; Rupert Woods (18 de agosto de 2008). Medicine of Australian Mammals. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-09928-9. Consultado o 23 de xullo de 2013.

[15] Harcourt, A. H., and J. Gardiner. "Sexual selection and genital anatomy of male primates." Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 255.1342 (1994): 47-53.

[16] Dixson, A. F. (1987). "Observations on the evolution of the genitalia and copulatory behaviour in male primates". Journal of Zoology 213 (3): 423–443. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb03718.x.

[AltermanDoyle2013-17] L. Alterman; Gerald A. Doyle; M.K. Izard (9 de marzo de 2013). Creatures of the Dark. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4757-2405-9.

[CrichtonKrutzsch2000-18] Elizabeth G. Crichton; Philip H. Krutzsch (12 de xuño de 2000). Reproductive Biology of Bats. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-054053-5.

[19] Dewsbury, Donald A. "On the function of the multiple-intromission, multiple-ejaculation copulatory patterns of rodents." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 18.4 (1981): 221-223.

[20] Dunham, A. E., and V. H. W. Rudolf. "Evolution of sexual size monomorphism: the influence of passive mate guarding." Journal of evolutionary biology 22.7 (2009): 1376-1386.

[21] Dixson, A. F. "Sexual selection, genital morphology, and copulatory behavior in male galagos." International Journal of Primatology 10.1 (1989): 47-55.

[22] Glicksman, JM and Freeman, RG. Pearly penile papules. A statistical study of incidence. Arch. Dermatol. 93:56-59 (1966)

[23] Agrawal, SK et al. Pearly penile papules: a review. Int. J. Dermatology 43:199-201 (2004)

[Penile_spines_vs._Pearly_penile_papules_in_humans-24] Penile spines versus pearly penile papules in humans

[McLean-25] 25,0 ^25,1 McLean, CY; Reno, PL; et al. (10 de marzo de 2011). "Human-specific loss of regulatory DNA and the evolution of human-specific traits.". Nature 471 (7337): 216–9. Bibcode:2011Natur.471..216M. PMC 3071156. PMID 21390129. doi:10.1038/nature09774.

[Paleoanthropology,_Genetics,_and_Evolution-26] Paleoanthropology, Genetics, and Evolution

[Gill2006-27] Frank B. Gill (6 de outubro de 2006). Ornithology. Macmillan. pp. 414–. ISBN 978-0-7167-4983-7. Consultado o 5 de decembro de 2012.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

Espiñas do pene

Mamíferos non-humanos

Humanos

Aves

Notas

Véxase tamén

Outros artigos

Ligazóns externas

Read other articles:

מחלוקת רב סעדיה גאון ובן מאיר

Залісся Перше

Geophis ruthveni

قياس التداخل

Cayuse people

Jean des Cars

Sijjin (film)

حرفة البحث (كتاب)

Food Rocks

Sakaran Dandai

Бургасский нефтехимический комбинат

Belgian Legion (1792)

Baba Lal Badshah

Digby (municipalité de district)

Chin Swee Caves Temple

Piala Liga Inggris 1992–1993

Emmanuel College, Cambridge

John Mellencamp

Sean Kern

Massanjore Dam