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Formalni jezik

U matematici, logici i računarstvu, formalni jezik (još i umjetni jezik[1]) se sastoji od skupa konačnih slijedova elemenata konačnog skupa znakova (simbola). Matematički, to je neuređen par Među najuobičajenijim primjenama, formalni jezik može biti shvaćen kao:

  • kolekcija riječi

ili

  • kolekcija rečenica

U prvom slučaju, skup se zove abeceda jezika , a elementi skupa se zovu riječi. U drugom slučaju, skup se zove leksikon ili vokabular skupa , dok se elementi skupa zovu rečenice. Matematička teorija koja se općenito bavi proučavanjem formalnih jezika se zove teorija formalnih jezika.

Kao primjer formalnog jezika, abeceda može biti , a riječ (string, niz znakova) nad tim alfabetom može biti .

Tipični jezik nad abecedom, koji sadrži tu riječ, bi bio skup svih riječi koje sadrže isti broj znakova and .

Prazni niz (ili prazna riječ) je riječ duljine 0, i često se označava znakom , ili . Iako je abeceda konačan skup i svaka riječ je konačne duljine, jezik može imati beskonačno mnogo riječi (jer duljina riječi koje sadrži ne mora nužno imati gornju granicu).

Često postavljano pitanje o formalnim jezicima jest "koliko je teško odlučiti da li zadan riječ pripada nekom određenom jeziku?" Ovo je područje proučavanja teorije izračunljivosti i teorije složenosti.

Primjeri

Neki primjeri formalnih jezika:

  • skup svih riječi nad
  • skup , gdje je prirodan broj i znači ponavljano puta
  • Konačni jezici, kao što su
  • skup svih sintaktički ispravnih programa u danom programskom jeziku; ili
  • skup svih ulaza za koje Turingov stroj staje

Specifikacija

Formalni jezik može biti specificiran na jako mnogo načina, kao npr.

Operacije

Nekoliko operacija iz teorije skupova može biti korišteno za stvaranje novih jezika iz već postojećih. Pretpostavimo da su i jezici nad nekom uobičajenom abecedom.

  • Nadovezivanje (ili konkatenacija) se sastoji od svih nizova znakova oblika gdje je niz znakova iz i niz znakova iz .
  • Presjek jezika i jezika se sastoji od svih nizova znakova koji su sadržani i u i u .
  • Unija jezika i jezika se sastoji od svih nizova znakova koji su sadržani ili u ili u .
  • Komplement jezika se sastoji od svih nizova znakova nad abecedom koji nisu sadržani u .
  • Desni kvocijent jezika jezikom se sastoji od svih nizova znakova za koje postoji niz znakova u takav da je u jeziku .
  • Kleeneov operator se sastoji od svih nizova znakova koji mogu biti zapisani u obliku s nizovima znakova u i . Uočite da ovo uključuje prazni niz pošto je dozvoljen .
  • Prevrtanje se sastoji od preokrenutih verzija svih nizova znakova u .
  • Miješanje (engl. shuffle) jezika i se sastoji od svih nizova znakova koji mogu biti zapisani u obliku gdje je i su nizovi znakova takvi da nadovezivanje je u jeziku i su nizovi znakova takvi da je u jeziku .

Također pogledati

Izvori

  1. Kiš Miroslav, Englesko-hrvatski i hrvatsko-engleski informatički rječnik, Zagreb, Naklada Ljevak, 2000., str. 399
  • Hopcroft, J. & Ullman, J. 1979. Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation. Addison-Wesley. [Brzica voli Barbaru Skaramucu|ISBN]] 0-201-02988-XCS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (link)
  • Helena Rasiowa and Roman Sikorski. 1970. The Mathematics of Metamathematics. 3rd ed. izdanje. PWN |edition= sadrži dodatni tekst (pomoć), poglavlje 6 Algebra of formalized languages.
  • Rozemberg, G. & Salomaa, A. (eds.). 1979. Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation. Addison-Wesley. [Brzica voli Barbaru Skaramucu|ISBN]] 978-3-540-61486-9CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (link) CS1 održavanje: dodatni tekst: authors list (link)
  • Siniša Srbljić. 2003. Jezični procesori 1. Element. [Brzica voli Barbaru Skaramucu|ISBN]] 953-197-129-3
  • Zdravko Dovedan. 2003. Formalni jezici - sintaksna analiza. Zavod za informacijske studije FF Zagreb. [Brzica voli Barbaru Skaramucu|ISBN]] 953-175-184-6
  • Zdravko Dovedan Han (2012). FORMALNI JEZICI I PREVODIOCI - regularni izrazi, gramatike, automati. Element. [Brzica voli Barbaru Skaramucu|ISBN]] 978-953-197-617-6
Teorija automata: formalni jezici i formalne gramatike
Chomskyjeva
hijerarhija
Gramatike Jezici Minimalni
automat
Tip 0 Neograničenih produkcija Rekurzivno prebrojiv Turingov stroj
n/a (nema uobičajenog imena) Rekurzivni Odlučitelj
Tip 1 Kontekstno ovisna Kontekstno ovisni Linearno ograničen
n/a Indeksirana Indeksirani Ugniježđenog stoga
Tip 2 Kontekstno neovisna Kontekstno neovisni Nedeterministički potisni
n/a Deterministička kontekstno neovisna Deterministički kontekstno neovisni Deterministički potisni
Tip 3 Regularna Regularni Konačni
Svaka kategorija jezika ili gramatika je pravi podskup nadređene kategorije.

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