Kuća stogodišnjice (tal.Casa del Centenario) bila je kuća bogatog stanovnika Pompeja, sačuvana erupcijomVezuva 79. godine. Kuća je otkrivena 1879.,[1] a svoje je današnje ime dobila kako bi obilježila 18. stogodišnjicu katastrofe.[2] Izgrađena sredinom 2. stoljeća pr. Kr.,[3] jedna je od najvećih kuća u gradu, s privatnim kupatilima, nimfejem,[4] ribnjakom (piscina),[5] i dva atrija.[6] Kuća je doživjela preuređenje oko 15. godine nove ere, kada su dodani kupališni kompleks i bazen. Posljednjih godina prije erupcije nekoliko je prostorija opsežno preuređeno brojnim slikama.[7]
Iako identitet vlasnika kuće nije siguran, izneseni su argumenti za Aula Rustija Vera ili Tiberija Klaudija Vera, obojicu lokalnih političara.[8]
Među raznolikim slikama sačuvanim u Kući stogodišnjice je najraniji poznati prikaz Vezuva,[9] kao i eksplicitne erotske scene u prostoriji koja je možda dizajnirana kao privatni "seks klub".[10]
Značajke
Za potrebe arheološkog i povijesnog proučavanja, Pompeji su podijeljeni u devet regija, od kojih svaka sadrži numerirane blokove (insulae). Unutar bloka, vrata su numerirana u smjeru kazaljke na satu ili obrnuto;[11] Stota obljetnica označena je brojem IX.8.3–6.[12] Pripada luksuznom "sedrenom" razdoblju pompejske arhitekture, koje karakterizira korištenje sitnozrnate sive vulkanske sedre koja je vađena oko Nucerije.[13]
Od dva atrija, veći vodi do najuređenijih soba. Manji atrij mogao je biti za privatnu obitelj i pristup posluzi.[14]Triklinij ili blagovaonica bila je smještena tako da je počasni gost mogao vidjeti zatvoreni vrt.[15] Sama blagovaonica bila je ukrašena okomitim stabljikama ispletenim viticama na kojima sjede ptice, au pločama između njih nalazili su se svijećnjaci ukrašeni lišćem.[16] Kuća je imala svoju pekaru koja se nalazila u podrumu ispod prostorija za poslugu na zapadnoj strani.[17]
Grafit u zahodu koristi rijetku riječ cacaturit[18] ("želi srati") koja se također jednom nalazi u epigramimaMarcijala.[19] Drugi bilježi težnju roba za slobodom: "Officiosus je pobjegao 6. studenog u konzulatuDruza Cezara i M. Junija Silana " (15. AD).[20]
Pretpostavlja se da je jedna soba na osami (pod brojem 43), koja je bila ukrašena eksplicitnim scenama žensko-muškog odnosa, funkcionirala kao privatni "seks klub". Gosti bi ulazili u manji, privatniji atrij, zatim prolazili niz hodnik i kroz triklinij i predvorje kako bi došli do njega.[21] Nekoliko sličnih prostorija u pompejanskim kućama sugerira da je namjera bila stvoriti ambijent bordela u domu, za zabave na kojima su sudionici imali uloge prostitutki ili klijenata ili za koje su angažirane prave prostitutke da zabavljaju goste.[22] Mali otvor neobično smješten u zidu možda je bio otvor za voajerizam.[23] Drugi znanstvenici kategoriziraju sobu 43 jednostavno kao spavaću sobu (kubikul), koja je često sadržavala erotske slike,[24] i smatraju da je nepotrebno zaključiti da je tamo gostima bila ponuđena seksualna zabava.[25]
Umjetnost
Kuća stogodišnjice poznata je po svojoj velikoj i raznolikoj kolekciji slika u Trećem i Četvrtom Pompejanskom stilu. Vrtni nimfej posebno je bogat primjer spajanja slikarstva s arhitektonskim elementima u stvaranju ambijenta ladanjske vile.[26] Vodeno tijelo ispunjeno raznim ribama i morskim životinjama bilo je "dramatično" naslikano na parapetu koji je okruživao četiri zida nimfeja; nekoliko je vrsta predstavljeno dovoljno točno za identifikaciju.[27] Donji dio zida oslikan je tako da izgleda kao balustrada na kojoj raste bršljan, a ispod njega ptice i gušteri. Fontane sa bazama sfinge naslikane su unutar vrtnih scena sa strane, a zid oko ulaza prikazuje parkove za divljač; u prvom planu je prava fontana, s lažnom završnom obradom koja izgleda poput rijetkog mramora, iz koje bi voda tekla niz razine u bazen.[28] Ispod stepenica i iznad vrtnog bazena nalazila se slika riječnog boga okrunjenog trskom, koja se više nije vidjela.[29] Kompozicija je okarakterizirana kao "groteskni potpourri", skup elemenata poželjnih jer predstavljaju način života ladanjske vile.[30] Ovdje i u slično uređenim prostorima u Pompejima, vlasniku je stalo do isticanja veličine i količine, a ne do skladne cjeline.[31]
Prostorija sjeverno od peristila sadržavala je nježni bršljan i stiliziranu cvjetnu lozu kao ukras.[32] Patke i lotosovo lišće također se pojavljuju zajedno kao ukrasni motivi.[33] Grožđe i vinogradarstvo pojavljuju se u cijeloj kući, kao u sceni Kupida koji bere grožđe.[34] Slike lova djelo je pompejskog slikara Lucija.[35]
Slika u kućnom larariju, svetištu kućnih bogovaLara, prikazuje Vezuv kako je možda izgledao prije erupcije,[39] s jednim vrhom obraslim vinogradom umjesto današnjeg profila s dva vrha. Iako neki znanstvenici odbacuju hipotezu o jednom vrhu,[40] slika se općenito smatra najranijim poznatim prikazom vulkana,[41] čak i ako se ne bi trebala uzeti kao zapis o tome kako je Vezuv zapravo izgledao.[42]
Literarni izvori također opisuju Vezuv kao prekriven vinovom lozom prije erupcije. Plutarh kaže da je na njemu rasla vinova loza u 1. stoljeću prije Krista, kada su se ondje sklonili Spartak i njegovi drugovi robovi i posjekli ih kako bi napravili ljestve od užeta.[43] Opis pjesnika Marcijala evocira sliku koja prikazuje vinovu lozu na obroncima u peterokučnom rasporedu:
Ovdje je Vezuv zasjenjen zelenom lozom; ovdje je plemenito grožđe ispuštalo svoje sokove u bačvama: to su grebeni koje je Bacchus volio više od brda Nyse . [44]
Neobičan prikaz Bakhusa daje mu tijelo sastavljeno od grožđa,[45] koje može predstavljati ili sortu Aminaea koja se uzgaja na tom području ili istoimeni Pompeianum.[46] Nosi tirs i ima panteru pod nogama.[47] U prvom planu je zmija s krijestom i bradom koja utjelovljuje Agathodaemona ili Genija.[48]
Još jedna kazališna referenca nalazi se u grafitu naškrabanom na zidu između tepidarija (kupka koja se održava na ugodno toploj temperaturi) i kaldarija (okruženje više nalik na parnu kupelj). Čitajući histrionica Actica,[51] "Actica pantomima,"[52] izraz je protumačen kao zapis zaljubljenosti obožavatelja, a možda i pokazatelj da je kuća bila domaćin predstavama kazališnih trupa.[53]
Erotske scene
Pompejske spavaće sobe nerijetko su bile ukrašene prizorima koji su upućivali na vođenje ljubavi, ponekad eksplicitno ljudskim, a ponekad aluzivnim i mitološkim.
Jedna spavaća soba u kući stogodišnjice sadrži par scena koje se odnose na ljubavne veze između smrtnika i božanstva: Selene i Endymion, te Kasandra s lovorovom granom koja simbolizira njezino odbacivanje Apolona kao ljubavnika i njegovu osvetu.[54] "Seks klub" ima oboje: krasi ga slika Herkula okruženog amorinima, kao i dvije "pornografske" scene (symplegma) slične onima u bordelima.[55] Rimska "pornografija" (doslovno "prikaz prostitutki") usredotočuje se na ljudske figure u svakodnevnom okruženju, često s detaljnom i realističnom posteljinom.[56]
Obje pornografske slike u sobi 43 prikazuju ženu na muškarcu, jednu okrenutu prema njemu, a drugu u manje uobičajenom položaju "obrnute uspravne Venere", okrenutu od muškarca. Na prethodnoj slici obje su figure gole, osim što su ženske grudi prekrivene "grudnjakom" bez naramenica (strophium) ; čak i u najeksplicitnijim prikazima spolnih činova u rimskoj umjetnosti, žena često nosi strophium.[57] Rjeđi položaj "obrnute uspravne Venere" češće se nalazi u scenama smještenim u nilotski Egipat.[58]
Daljnje čitanje
Lawrence Richardson, Pompeji: Povijest arhitekture (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.), str. 126–127.
Izvori
↑Massimiliano David, "A Chronology of the Excavations in Pompeii," in Houses and Monuments of Pompeii: The Works of Fausto and Felice Niccolini (Getty, 2002, originally published in Italian 1997), p. 219.
↑August Mau, Pompeii: Its Life and Art, translated by Francis W. Kelsey (Macmillan, 1907), p. 348; Roger Ling, "A Stranger in Town: Finding the Way in an Ancient City," Greece & Rome 37 (1990), p. 204.
↑Wilhelmina F. Jashemski, "The Vesuvian Sites before A.D. 79: The Archaeological, Literary, and Epigraphical Evidence," in The Natural History of Pompeii (Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 7; Jean Pierre Adam, Roman Building: Materials and Techniques (Routledge, 1999), p. 143.
↑James L. Franklin, Jr., Pompeis Difficile Est: Studies in the Political Life of Imperial Pompeii (University of Michigan Press, 2001), p. 147.
↑James Higginbotham, Piscinae: Artificial Fishponds in Roman Italy (University of North Carolina Press, 1997), pp. 22, 269.
↑Michele George, "Repopulating the Roman House," in The Roman Family in Italy: Status, Sentiment, Space (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 307; Adam, Roman Building, p. 618.
↑John R. Clarke, Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250 (University of California Press, 1998, 2001), p. 161.
↑Mau, Pompeii: Its Life and Art, p. 559, was a proponent of Claudius Verus, citing CIL IV.5229. Matteo Della Corte argued for Rusticus Verus, as discussed by Franklin, Pompeis Difficile Est, p. 134. Franklin finds Rusticus more likely than Claudius.
↑Annamaria Ciarallo, Gardens of Pompeii («L'Erma» di Bretschneider, 2001), p. 22; Haraldur Sigurdsson, "Mount Vesuvius before the Disaster," in The Natural History of Pompeii, p. 31.
↑Thomas A.J. McGinn, The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman World: A Study of Social History and the Brothel (University of Michigan Press, 2004), pp. 164–165. The room is most often taken to be one of the bedrooms (cubicula), which are sometimes decorated with erotic art in private Roman houses.
↑Kathryn Gutzwiller, "Seeing Thought: Timomachus' Medea and Ecphrastic Epigram," American Journal of Philology 125 (2004), p. 376 (= Schmidt 13).
↑Jashemski, "The Vesuvian Sites before A.D. 79," p. 7.
↑George, "Repopulating the Roman House," p. 307; Adam, Roman Building, p. 618.
↑See a plan of the house with the view as construed by John R. Clarke, The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.–A.D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration (University of California Press, 1991), p. 18.
↑Roger Ling, Roman Painting (Cambridge University Press, 1991, 2006), p. 82.
↑James L. Franklin, Pompeii: The Casa del Marinario and Its History («L'Erma» di Bretschneider, 1990), p. 42.
↑Martial, 11.77: "In privies Vacerra consumes the hours; the whole day does she sit; Vacerra wants to dine, she does not want to shit (In omnibus Vacerra quod conclavibus / consumit horas et die toto sedet, / cenaturit Vacerra, non cacaturit); Craig Williams, A Martial Reader: Selections from the Epigrams (Bolchazy-Carducci, 2011), p. 124.
↑CIL IV.5214; Antonio Varone, "Voices of the Ancients: A Stroll through Public and Private Pompeii," in Rediscovering Pompeii («L'Erma» di Bretschneider, 1990), p. 33.
↑McGinn, The Economy of Prostitution, pp. 164–165; discussion of his theory of "sex clubs" in general at Pompeii, pp. 157–166, including literary evidence. McGinn finds the House of the Centenary along with the House of the Vettii to offer the best examples of potential sex-club facilities. See also Clarke, Looking at Lovemaking, p. 161ff.
↑McGinn, The Economy of Prostitution, p. 158–159. Some houses had suites that may have functioned as actual brothels; these, however, were like an attached shop (taberna) that might be leased out for business. They lacked interior access to the house, and had only an entrance to the street to admit paying clients indiscriminately.
↑John Pollini, "The Warren Cup: Homoerotic Love and Symposial Rhetoric in Silver," Art Bulletin 81.1 (1999), pp. 39–40. Pollini describes the room as a "private brothel".
↑Nigel Spivey and Michael Squire, Panorama of the Classical World (Thames & Hudson, 2004), p. 56; William E. Dunstan, Ancient Rome (Rowman & Littlefield, 2011), p. 262.
↑Christine Kondoleon, Domestic and Divine: Roman Mosaics in the House of Dionysos (Cornell University Press, 1995), p. 321.
↑David S. Reese, "Marine Invertebrates, Freshwater Shells, and Land Snails: Evidence from Specimens, Mosaics, Wall Paintings, Sculpture, Jewelry, and Roman Authors," in The Natural History of Pompeii, pp. 275, 281–282, 284, 290, 302, 305, 309, 310; Liliane Bodson and David Orr, "Amphibians and Reptiles: Evidence from Wall Paintings, Mosaics, Sculpture, Skeletal Remains, and Ancient Authors," in The Natural History of Pompeii, pp. 330, 333, 338, 340, 342.
↑Paul Zanker, Pompeii: Public and Private Life, translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider (Harvard University Press, 1998, originally published 1995 in German), p. 189.
↑Wilhemina F. Jashemski, Frederick G. Meyer, and Massimo Ricciardi, "Plants: Evidence from Wall Paintings, Mosaics, Sculpture, Plant Remains, Graffiti, Inscriptions, and Ancient Authors," in The Natural History of Pompeii, p. 91.
↑Zanker, Pompeii: Public and Private Life, p. 189.
↑Zanker, Pompeii: Public and Private Life, pp. 189–190.
↑Jashemski, Meyer, and Ricciardi, "Plants," in The Natural History of Pompeii, p. 113.
↑Jashemski, Meyer, and Ricciardi, "Plants," in The Natural History of Pompeii, p. 131.
↑Jashemski, Meyer, and Ricciardi, "Plants," in The Natural History of Pompeii, p. 172.
↑Lawrence Richardson, A Catalog of Identifiable Figure Painters of Ancient Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Stabiae (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), p. 149.
↑Richardson, A Catalog of Identifiable Figure Painters, p. 104.
↑James Zetzel, "Plato with Pillows: Cicero on the Uses of Greek Culture," in Myth, History and Culture in Republican Rome: Studies in Honour of T.P. Wiseman (University of Exeter Press, 2003), p. 118.
↑Lawrence, A Catalog of Identifiable Figure Painters, p. 168.
↑Wilhelmina F. Jashemski, "Recently Excavated Gardens and Cultivated Land of the Villas at Boscoreale and Oplontis," in Ancient Roman Villa Gardens (Dumbarton Oaks, 1987), p. 33.
↑Ernesto De Carolis and Giovanni Patricelli, Vesuvius, A.D. 79: The Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum (Getty Publications, 2003), p. 42.
↑Annamaria Ciarallo, Gardens of Pompeii («L'Erma» di Bretschneider, 2001), p. 22.
↑De Carolis and Patricelli, Vesuvius, A.D. 79, p. 45.
↑Plutarch, Life of Crassus 9.2, as cited by David Sider, The Library of the Villa dei Papiri at Heculaneum (Getty Publications, 2005), p. 12. Vergil also mentions the vines on the slopes of Vesuvius at Georgics 2.221–224, as cited by Colin Wells, The Roman Empire (Harvard University Press, 1984), p. 182.
↑Martial 4.44.1–3: Hic est pampineis viridis modo Vesbius umbris, / presserat hic madidos nobilis uua lacus: / haec iuga quam Nysae colles plus Bacchus amavit; Jashemski, "Recently Excavated Gardens," p. 33.
↑De Carolis and Patricelli, Vesuvius, A.D. 79, p. 43; Jashemski, "Recently Excavated Gardens," p. 33.
↑Originally known as Murgentina; Alex Butterworth and Ray Laurence, Pompeii: The Living City (St. Martin's Press, 2005), p. 242.
↑Pierre Grimal, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology (Blackwell, 1996, originally published 1951 in French), p. 74.
↑Colin Amery and Brian Curran, The Lost World of Pompeii (Getty Publications, 2002), p. 68.
↑Michael Elliot Rutenberg, Oedipus of Lucius Annaeus Seneca (Bolchazy-Carducci, 1998), p. 28; Éric Csapo, "Mise en scène théâtrale, scène de théâtre artisanale: les mosaïques de Ménandre à Mytilène, leur contexte social et leur tradition iconographique," in De la scène aux gradins: théâtre et représentations dramatiques après Alexandre le Grand (Presses universitaires du Miral, 1997), pp. 169, 178.
↑CIL 4.5233; John H. Starks, Jr., "Pantomime Actresses in Latin Inscriptions," New Directions in Ancient Pantomime (Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 130–131.
↑The phrase has been read in various ways; Actica may not be a proper name as such, but an adjectival name of the troupe. As the feminine form of histrio (originally actor, but by this time pantomime), histrionica is a hapax legomenon; Slater, "Pantomime Actresses," p. 131.
↑Verity Platt, Facing the Gods: Epiphany and Representation in Graeco-Roman Art, Literature and Religion (Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 373.
↑Lawrence, A Catalog of Identifiable Figure Painters, p. 143.
↑McGinn, The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman World, p.112ff.
↑Clarke, Looking at Lovemaking, p. 73. Fuller description by Clarke, p. 161ff.
↑Paul G.P. Meyboom and Miguel John Versluys, "The Meaning of Dwarfs in Nilotic Scenes," in Nile into Tiber: Egypt in the Roman World. Proceedings of the IIIrd International Conference of Isis Studies, Leiden, May 11–14, 2005 (Brill, 2007), p. 188.
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William Cuthbert FaulknerLahir25 September 1897New Albany, Mississippi, ASMeninggal6 Juli 1962Byhalia, Mississippi, ASPekerjaanNovelis; penulis cerita pendek William Cuthbert Faulkner (terlahir William Falkner; 25 September 1897 – 6 Juli 1962) adalah penulis Amerika Serikat dari Mississippi. Faulkner memenangkan Penghargaan Nobel dalam Sastra pada 1949. Karya terkenal Sanctuary Light in August As I Lay Dying The Wild Palms Absalom, Absalom Mosquitoes Intruder in the Dust Wikiquote memiliki ...
Indian government ministry responsible for affirmative action Ministry of Social Justice, Government of Maharashtra मंत्रालय सामाजिक न्याय विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासनSeal of the state of MaharashtraBuilding of Administrative Headquarters of MumbaiMinistry overviewFormed1928[1]Jurisdiction MaharashtraHeadquartersMantralay, MumbaiMinister responsibleEknath Shinde, Chief Minister of MaharashtraDeputy Minister respon...
Raja Daud dengan air yang dibawai oleh Abisai Abisai adalah putra sulung dari Zeruya, saudari dari Raja Daud. Namanya memiliki arti Bapak hadiah.[1] Ia adalah saudara dari Yoab dan Asael,[2] dan panglima militer di bawah Daud. Abisai adalah satu-satunya orang yang menemani Daud saat ia datang ke tenda Saul dan mengambil tombak dan botol air dari Saul saat ia tidur [3] Referensi ^ Cheyne and Black (1899), Encyclopaedia Biblica, entry for Abishai. ^ 2 Samuel 2:18; 1 ...
County in Indiana, United States Not to be confused with Orange County, California. County in IndianaOrange CountyCountyThe Orange County courthouse in PaoliLocation within the U.S. state of IndianaIndiana's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 38°32′N 86°30′W / 38.54°N 86.5°W / 38.54; -86.5Country United StatesState IndianaFoundedFebruary 1, 1816Named forKing William of Orange (William III of England)SeatPaoliLargest townPaoliArea • Total...