Nichifor Crainic

Nichifor Crainic
Nichifor Crainic
Menteri Propaganda Nasional
	Masa jabatan; 4 Juli 1940 – 14 September 1940
Perdana Menteri	Ion Gigurtu ; Ion Antonescu
	Pendahulu; Teofil Sidorovici Pengganti; Jabatan ditangguhkan secara temporer
	Masa jabatan; 27 Januari 1941 – 26 Mei 1941
Perdana Menteri	Ion Antonescu
	Pendahulu; Diri sendiri Pengganti; Mihai Antonescu
Sekretaris Negara di Kementerian Budaya dan Urusan Keagamaan
	Masa jabatan; 14 September 1940 – 21 Januari 1941
Perdana Menteri	Ion Antonescu
Menteri	Traian Brăileanu
Salah Satu Pemimpin Partai Kristen Nasional
	Masa jabatan; 16 Juli 1935 – 10 Februari 1938; Menjabat bersama Octavian Goga & A. C. Cuza
	Pendahulu; Octavian Goga (sebagai presiden Partai Agraria Nasional) ; A. C. Cuza (sebagai presiden Liga Pertahanan Kristen Nasional) Pengganti; Tidak ada (partai dicekal di bawah Konstitusi 1938)
Informasi pribadi
Lahir	22 Desember 1889; Bulbucata, Kabupaten Giurgiu, Kerajaan Rumania
Meninggal	20 Agustus 1972; Mogoșoaia, Kabupaten Ilfov, Republik Sosialis Rumania
Kebangsaan	Rumania
Partai politik	Liga Pertahanan Kristen Nasional (sebelum 1935) ; Partai Kristen Nasional (1935-1938)
Almamater	Universitas Bucharest ; Universitas Wina
Pekerjaan	Penulis, Profesor, Politikus
Profesi	Teolog, Filsuf
	Penghargaan (1939) honorary doctor of the University of Vienna (en) ;
	Sunting kotak info • L • B

Nichifor Crainic (pengucapan bahasa Rumania: [niˈcifor ˈkrajnik]; pseudonim Ion Dobre [iˈon ˈdobre];^[1] 22 Desember 1889 – 20 Agustus 1972) adalah seorang penulis, penyunting, filsuf dan teolog Rumania yang dikenal karena kegiatan tradisionalisnya. Crainic juga merupakan profesor teologi di Seminari Teologi Bucharest dan Fakultas Teologi Chișinău. Ia adalah seorang ideolog rasis,^[2]^[3]^[4] dan politikus sayap kanan jauh.^[5] Ia adalah salah satu fasis Rumania utama^[6] dan ideolog antisemit.^[2]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

Catatan

^ Ionițoiu, Cicerone (2002). "Dicționar C" (PDF). Victimele terorii comuniste : arestați, torturați, întemnițati, uciși (dalam bahasa Rumania). 2. Bucharest, Romania: Editura Mașina de Scris. hlm. 245. ISBN 978-973-99994-2-7. OCLC 46872499.
^ ^a ^b Clark, Roland (2012). "Nationalism and orthodoxy: Nichifor Crainic and the political culture of the extreme right in 1930s Romania". Nationalities Papers. Cambridge University Press (CUP). 40 (1): 107–126. doi:10.1080/00905992.2011.633076. ISSN 0090-5992. The institute only lasted one year, but allowed Crainic to advance ideas such as anti-Masonry, anti-Semitism, and biological racism within an LANC-approved forum (Crainic, Ortodoxie 147).
^ Caraiani, Ovidiu (2003). "Identities and Rights in Romanian Political Discourse". Polish Sociological Review. Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne (Polish Sociological Association) (142): 161–169. ISSN 1231-1413. JSTOR 41274855. Nae Ionescu considered ethnicity as "the formula of today's Romanian nationalism," while for Nichifor Crainic the "biological homogeneousness," the "historical identity" and the "blood and the soil" were the defining elements of the "ethnocratic state."
^ Wedekind, Michael (2010). "The mathematization of the human being: anthropology and ethno-politics in Romania during the late 1930s and early 1940s". New Zealand Slavonic Journal. Australia and New Zealand Slavists’ Association. 44: 27–67. ISSN 0028-8683. JSTOR 41759355. A prominent proponent of the concept of 'ethnic homogeneity' was the chauvinistic, xenophobic and pro-Nazi writer, politician, poet and professor of Theology Nichifor Crainic (1889-1972), author of "Orthodoxy and Ethnocracy" (Ortodoxie și etnocrație), published in 1938.
^ Livezeanu, Irina (2003). "Reviews of Books:Eugenics and Modernization in Interwar Romania Maria Bucur". The American Historical Review. Oxford University Press (OUP). 108 (4): 1245–1247. doi:10.1086/529946. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 10.1086/529946. Clearly there were affinities between the eugenicists and thinkers, writers, and politicians on the extreme Right such as Nichifor Crainic, Nae Ionescu, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, Octavian Goga, and A.C. Cuza.
^ Ioanid, Radu (1992). "Nicolae Iorga and Fascism". Journal of Contemporary History. Sage Publications, Ltd. 27 (3): 467–492. doi:10.1177/002200949202700305. ISSN 0022-0094. JSTOR 260901. Amongst those arrested for Duca's assassination were Nae Ionescu and Nichifor Crainic (a fascist ideologue, mediator between the NCP and the Iron Guards).
^ Friling, Tuvia; Ioanid, Radu; Ionescu, Mihail E., ed. (2004). "Antisemitic Propaganda and Official Rhetoric concerning the Judeo-Bolshevik Danger: Romanian Jews and Communism between 1938–1944" (PDF). International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania: Final Report. Iași: Polirom. hlm. 93, 116. ISBN 978-973-681-989-6.
^ Friling, Tuvia; Ioanid, Radu; Ionescu, Mihail E., ed. (2004). "Background and Precursors to the Holocaust. Roots of Romanian Antisemitism. The League of National Christian Defense and Iron Guard Antisemitism. The Antisemitic Policies of the Goga Government and the Royal Dictatorship" (PDF). International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania: Final Report. Iași: Polirom. hlm. 35–37. ISBN 978-973-681-989-6.
^ Zach, Cornelius R.; Zach, Krista (2010). "Dietmar Müller Staatsbürger auf Widerruf. Juden und Muslime als Alteritätspartner im rumänischen und serbischen Nationscode. Ethnonationale Staatsbürgerschaftskonzepte 1871–1941. Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden 2005. = Balkanologische Veröffentlichungen, 41. ISBN: 3-447-05248-1". Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas. Neue Folge (dalam bahasa Jerman). 58 (4): 609–611. ISBN 978-3-515-11333-5. Diakses tanggal 27 March 2019. Die ideologischen Mentoren der "jungen Generation", Nae Ionescu und Nichifor Crainic, lieferten den Antisemiten (besonders der legionären Bewegung) ein theoretisches Gerüst für ihre Argumentation.
^ Deletant, Dennis (1993). "Reviewed Works: A Providential Anti-Semitism. Nationalism and Polity in Nineteenth-Century Romania by William O. Oldson; The Case of Romanian Intellectuals in the 1930s by Leon Volovici". The Slavonic and East European Review. Modern Humanities Research Association. 71 (3): 546–548. ISSN 0037-6795. JSTOR 4211337. Volovici's study is a complementary one; it examines competently the role of the Romanian intelligentsia in the inter-war years in legitimizing anti-Semitic ideas and thus facilitating public acceptance of them. Octavian Goga and Nichifor Crainic were extreme examples and Volovici rightly highlights their deeds and writings.

Referensi

Roland Clark (2012): Nationalism and orthodoxy: Nichifor Crainic and the political culture of the extreme right in 1930s Romania, Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity, 40:1, 107-126
Peter F. Sugar, Eastern European Nationalism in the Twentieth Century, University Press of America, 1995 (includes transcript of Crainic's essay)
The Report of the International Committee for the Study of Holocaust in Romania (on the Romanian Presidency site) - a review of the several Anti-Semitic doctrines, including Crainic's, that contributed to genocide of the Holocaust.

[Ionițoiu_2000_p._245-1] Ionițoiu, Cicerone (2002). "Dicționar C" (PDF). Victimele terorii comuniste : arestați, torturați, întemnițati, uciși (dalam bahasa Rumania). 2. Bucharest, Romania: Editura Mașina de Scris. hlm. 245. ISBN 978-973-99994-2-7. OCLC 46872499.

[clark-2] Clark, Roland (2012). "Nationalism and orthodoxy: Nichifor Crainic and the political culture of the extreme right in 1930s Romania". Nationalities Papers. Cambridge University Press (CUP). 40 (1): 107–126. doi:10.1080/00905992.2011.633076. ISSN 0090-5992. The institute only lasted one year, but allowed Crainic to advance ideas such as anti-Masonry, anti-Semitism, and biological racism within an LANC-approved forum (Crainic, Ortodoxie 147).

[3] Caraiani, Ovidiu (2003). "Identities and Rights in Romanian Political Discourse". Polish Sociological Review. Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne (Polish Sociological Association) (142): 161–169. ISSN 1231-1413. JSTOR 41274855. Nae Ionescu considered ethnicity as "the formula of today's Romanian nationalism," while for Nichifor Crainic the "biological homogeneousness," the "historical identity" and the "blood and the soil" were the defining elements of the "ethnocratic state."

[4] Wedekind, Michael (2010). "The mathematization of the human being: anthropology and ethno-politics in Romania during the late 1930s and early 1940s". New Zealand Slavonic Journal. Australia and New Zealand Slavists’ Association. 44: 27–67. ISSN 0028-8683. JSTOR 41759355. A prominent proponent of the concept of 'ethnic homogeneity' was the chauvinistic, xenophobic and pro-Nazi writer, politician, poet and professor of Theology Nichifor Crainic (1889-1972), author of "Orthodoxy and Ethnocracy" (Ortodoxie și etnocrație), published in 1938.

[Livezeanu_2003_pp._1245–1247-5] Livezeanu, Irina (2003). "Reviews of Books:Eugenics and Modernization in Interwar Romania Maria Bucur". The American Historical Review. Oxford University Press (OUP). 108 (4): 1245–1247. doi:10.1086/529946. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 10.1086/529946. Clearly there were affinities between the eugenicists and thinkers, writers, and politicians on the extreme Right such as Nichifor Crainic, Nae Ionescu, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, Octavian Goga, and A.C. Cuza.

[6] Ioanid, Radu (1992). "Nicolae Iorga and Fascism". Journal of Contemporary History. Sage Publications, Ltd. 27 (3): 467–492. doi:10.1177/002200949202700305. ISSN 0022-0094. JSTOR 260901. Amongst those arrested for Duca's assassination were Nae Ionescu and Nichifor Crainic (a fascist ideologue, mediator between the NCP and the Iron Guards).

[finala-7] Friling, Tuvia; Ioanid, Radu; Ionescu, Mihail E., ed. (2004). "Antisemitic Propaganda and Official Rhetoric concerning the Judeo-Bolshevik Danger: Romanian Jews and Communism between 1938–1944" (PDF). International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania: Final Report. Iași: Polirom. hlm. 93, 116. ISBN 978-973-681-989-6.

[finalb-8] Friling, Tuvia; Ioanid, Radu; Ionescu, Mihail E., ed. (2004). "Background and Precursors to the Holocaust. Roots of Romanian Antisemitism. The League of National Christian Defense and Iron Guard Antisemitism. The Antisemitic Policies of the Goga Government and the Royal Dictatorship" (PDF). International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania: Final Report. Iași: Polirom. hlm. 35–37. ISBN 978-973-681-989-6.

[Weiterleitung_2009-9] Zach, Cornelius R.; Zach, Krista (2010). "Dietmar Müller Staatsbürger auf Widerruf. Juden und Muslime als Alteritätspartner im rumänischen und serbischen Nationscode. Ethnonationale Staatsbürgerschaftskonzepte 1871–1941. Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden 2005. = Balkanologische Veröffentlichungen, 41. ISBN: 3-447-05248-1". Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas. Neue Folge (dalam bahasa Jerman). 58 (4): 609–611. ISBN 978-3-515-11333-5. Diakses tanggal 27 March 2019. Die ideologischen Mentoren der "jungen Generation", Nae Ionescu und Nichifor Crainic, lieferten den Antisemiten (besonders der legionären Bewegung) ein theoretisches Gerüst für ihre Argumentation.

[10] Deletant, Dennis (1993). "Reviewed Works: A Providential Anti-Semitism. Nationalism and Polity in Nineteenth-Century Romania by William O. Oldson; The Case of Romanian Intellectuals in the 1930s by Leon Volovici". The Slavonic and East European Review. Modern Humanities Research Association. 71 (3): 546–548. ISSN 0037-6795. JSTOR 4211337. Volovici's study is a complementary one; it examines competently the role of the Romanian intelligentsia in the inter-war years in legitimizing anti-Semitic ideas and thus facilitating public acceptance of them. Octavian Goga and Nichifor Crainic were extreme examples and Volovici rightly highlights their deeds and writings.

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