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Traksi ganda

Prinsip traksi ganda lokomotif
Traksi ganda kereta api di Amerika Serikat pada dekade 1860-an.

Dalam istilah perkeretaapian, traksi ganda adalah penggunaan dua lokomotif di depan kereta api, masing-masing dioperasikan oleh awak sarana perkeretaapian secara individu.[1] Praktik traksi tiga (triple traction) melibatkan penggunaan tiga lokomotif.

Traksi ganda biasa dijumpai pada lokomotif uap, tetapi juga dipraktikkan penggunaannya pada lokomotif diesel. Praktik ini tidak serupa dengan dua atau lebih lokomotif diesel maupun listrik yang dijalankan dengan multiple working (kerja majemuk) oleh satu masinis pada lokomotif depan.

Kelebihan

Traksi ganda dilakukan dengan alasan sebagai berikut.

  • Alasan yang paling umum adalah kebutuhan akan tenaga tambahan apabila satu lokomotif tak mampu menghela kereta karena tanjakan curam, beban berat, atau keduanya.
  • Traksi ganda digunakan pula pada kereta penumpang, yang dapat dijalankan dengan satu lokomotif, tetapi kecepatan operasi tidak mampu mengejar keterlambatan jadwal.
  • Dalam kasus yang jarang, beberapa perusahaan telah menggunakan traksi ganda dalam menyelenggarakan angkutan apabila kondisi lokomotifnya tidak memungkinan untuk perjalanan jauh, dalam hal ini bahwa jika salah satu mesin mati, lokomotif yang lain dapat mengantarkan kereta api tersebut hingga tujuan akhir.
  • Traksi ganda berguna pada lintas jalur tunggal dan tidak membutuhkan lebih banyak daya, seperti mentraksigandakan kereta menghemat pengerahan lokomotif penolong.

Kekurangan

Traksi ganda membutuhkan kerja sama yang baik antarawak sarana perkeretaapian, dan merupakan teknik mahir menjadi masinis. Jika salah satu roda lokomotif selip, dapat menyebabkan kereta api anjlok.

Risiko dan biaya operasional traksi ganda yang besar (bahan bakar dan biaya pemeliharaan mesin, serta gaji masinis) telah menyebabkan operator untuk mencari solusi alternatif. Elektrifikasi telah digunakan dalam banyak kasus.

Istilah khusus yang digunakan

Ketika stamformasi kereta mencakup dua lokomotif berdinas traksi ganda, keduanya dibedakan dengan istilah pilot engine untuk lokomotif pertama, dan train engine untuk lokomotif kedua. Hal ini tidak sama seperti penambahan mesin pembantu di belakang kereta untuk membantu menaiki bukit atau apabila rangkaian terasa berat saat mulai berjalan.

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ Railway and Locomotive Engineering. A Practical Journal of Motive Power, Rolling Stock and Appliances. Volume 12. New York: Angus Sinclair Company. 1899. hlm. 104. 

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