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Isocronismo

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Spiegazione del funzionamento dell'isocronismo nella caduta dei gravi lungo una spirale su un paraboloide.

L'isocronismo (dal greco isos uguale e chronos tempo) è la caratteristica di un fenomeno che si svolge in un tempo costante.

Isocronismo del pendolo

Nel caso del pendolo, si osserva che le oscillazioni di piccola ampiezza si svolgono tutte nello stesso tempo, a prescindere dalla loro ampiezza. Il periodo di oscillazione cresce con la radice quadrata della lunghezza del pendolo: dunque, un pendolo lungo oscilla più lentamente di uno corto; tuttavia, per oscillazioni corrispondenti ad angoli di apertura alquanto significativi il periodo è direttamente proporzionale anche al coseno di tali angoli.

Nella pratica esecutiva degli strumenti a corda, tale legge è importantissima, perché, altrimenti, ad ampiezza diversa corrisponderebbe una frequenza diversa, con implicazioni negative sull'ascolto.

La legge dell'isocronismo del pendolo fu formulata dallo scienziato pisano Galileo Galilei durante il suo periodo nella città di Pisa, dunque prima del 1592, secondo la testimonianza di Vincenzo Viviani (1622-1703), primo biografo dello scienziato.

Al fenomeno dell'isocronismo è collegato quello della risonanza. Huygens osservò che, disponendo a fianco e sulla stessa parete due pendoli, questi tendevano a sintonizzare il proprio movimento oscillatorio, quasi che "volessero assumere lo stesso ritmo".

Siccome l'osservazione del fenomeno dell'isocronismo (in assenza dei moderni cronometri) è tanto più facile quanto più lenti sono i movimenti del pendolo, e ciò dipende dalla sua lunghezza, Galileo fece le sue osservazioni nella lucerna della cattedrale di Pisa. Nella cappella Aulla del camposanto monumentale si può oggi osservare la lampada votiva che era sospesa nella cattedrale al tempo di Galileo. Vedendo il lampadario che oscillava dopo un intervento di accensione o spegnimento delle candele, ne misurò il tempo utilizzando il battito del polso.

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