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Marco Piavonio Vittorino

Vittorino
Imperatore delle Gallie
Nome originaleMarcus Piavonius Victorinus
Morte270/inizio 271
PredecessoreMarco Aurelio Mario
SuccessoreVittoria/Domiziano II/Tetrico
FigliVittorino iunior
MadreVittoria
Tribuno militare266/267 nella guardia pretoriana
Consolato267 o 268 delle Gallie
Pontificato maxdal 268

Marco Piavonio Vittorino (latino: Marcus Piavonius[1] Victorinus; ... – 270/inizio 271) è stato un imperatore dell'Impero delle Gallie (regnante dal 268-270 al 271), nome dato alle province europee occidentali secessioniste dell'Impero romano durante la crisi del III secolo.

Biografia

Vittorino nacque in una famiglia di grande ricchezza e cominciò la propria carriera come soldato, militando sotto il generale Postumo, instauratore del secessionistico Impero delle Gallie. Giunse a ricoprire la carica di tribunus praetorianorum[2] (tribuno dei pretoriani) nel 266/267 e poi, con la secessione di Postumo, quella di console delle Gallie nel 267 o 268.[3] Secondo la Historia Augusta, venne associato al potere dallo stesso Postumo, probabilmente dal 267.[4]

A seguito della morte di Marco Aurelio Mario, successore di Postumo, Vittorino fu eletto imperatore al tempo dell'imperatore Claudio il Gotico[5] dalle truppe di stanza ad Augusta Treverorum (odierna Treviri, in Germania), venendo riconosciuto dalle province di Gallia e Britannia, ma non dalla Hispania Tarraconensis, che di fatto insorse alla sua autorità e ritornò nell'alveo dell'Impero romano.[6] Ciononostante, Vittorino riuscì comunque ad impedire che la città di Augustodunum Haeduorum (odierna Autun, in Francia), anch'essa insorta per passare dalla parte di Claudio il Gotico, ritornasse anch'essa all'Impero centrale; dopo ben sette mesi d'assedio, infatti, la città venne riconquistata e saccheggiata (estate del 270).

Vittorino fu infine assassinato nel 270, o all'inizio del 271, da uno dei suoi ufficiali, Attitianus, la cui moglie era stata forse sedotta da Vittorino. La madre di Vittorino, Vittoria (anche nota come Vitruvia), mantenne il potere dopo la morte del figlio e ne organizzò la deificazione, come pure, dopo aver pagato un grosso donativo alle truppe, l'elezione del governatore dell'Aquitania a lei favorevole, Tetrico, come suo successore.

Vittorino è elencato tra i Trenta Tiranni della Historia Augusta: sempre questa fonte, alquanto inattendibile, riporta una breve descrizione del figlio Vittorino iunior, designato suo successore dalla famiglia proprio il giorno dell'uccisione del padre.[7]

Note

  1. ^ Alcune iscrizioni (CIL XIII, 8958) e le prime emissioni di monete della zecca di Colonia riportano il suo nome come Piavvonius, mentre un mosaico trovato a Treviri (CIL XIII, 3679) riporta il nome come Piaonius.
  2. ^ Carica attestata dal mosaico ritrovato a Treviri: M. Piaonius Victorinus, tribunus pret[...]norum.
  3. ^ CIL II, 5736.
  4. ^ Historia Augusta - Due Gallieni, 7.1.
  5. ^ Sesto Aurelio Vittore, Epitome de Caesaribus, 34.3.
  6. ^ La rivolta legalista della Tarraconense fu probabilmente iniziata dalla Legio VII Gemina (Drinkwater, pp. 36-37, 211).
  7. ^ Aurelio Vittore, De Caesaribus, 33.12.

Bibliografia

  • Michel Polfer, "Victorinus", De Imperatoribus Romanis
  • J. F. Drinkwater, The Gallic Empire. Separatism and Continuity in the North-Western Provinces of the Roman Empire A.D. 260-274, Stuttgart, 1987

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Predecessore Imperatore delle Gallie Successore
Marco Aurelio Mario 268-270 Vittoria / Domiziano II / Tetrico
Controllo di autoritàVIAF (EN) 74649651 · CERL cnp00538807 · GND (DE) 118804405
  Portale Antica Roma

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