Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Olartico

La regione olartica

L'Olartico, o ecozona olartica o regno olartico, è una regione biogeografica che comprende la maggior parte dell'emisfero boreale, con esclusione delle regioni tropicali.

Comprende l'ecozona paleartica, o Paleartico, costituita dall'Africa settentrionale, dall'intera Europa e dalla parte settentrionale dell'Asia (escludendo il sub-continente Indiano e il sud-est asiatico) e l'ecozona neartica, o Neartico, costituita dal Nord America e dalla parte centrosettentrionale del Messico.

Sia il Paleartico che il Neartico sono a loro volta ulteriormente suddivisi in ecoregioni più piccole. Molti degli ecosistemi, inclusi gli animali e le piante che dipendono da loro, sono rappresentati in queste ecozone estese al di là dei limiti continentali. La continuità degli ecosistemi è collegata dalla comune storia glaciale di queste ecozone.

Etimologia

Il termine Olartico deriva dal greco ὅλος (holos, tutto o intero) e ἄρκτος (arktos, orso), intendendo tutto l'emisfero Nord da cui si vedono le costellazioni dell'Orsa Maggiore e dell'Orsa Minore. Nel termine Paleartico il prefisso pale-, derivato da paleo-, viene dal greco παλαιός (palaiòs o paleòs, antico). Nel termine Neartico il prefisso ne-, derivato da neo-, viene dal greco νέος (neos, nuovo).

Confini meridionali

Confina a sud con l'ecozona neotropicale, con l'ecozona afrotropicale e con l'ecozona orientale, ma i confini meridionali non sono ben definiti:

  • in America, le regioni di transizione sono rappresentate dalla Florida e dal Messico;
  • in Africa e nel Medio Oriente, la regione di transizione è rappresentata dai deserti tropicali del Sahara e dell'Arabia, che costituiscono la barriera naturale fondamentale che separa le regioni africane e asiatiche del paleartico occidentale dalla regione afrotropicale;
  • in Asia, la barriera fondamentale fra il Paleartico orientale e l'Indomalesia è rappresentata dalle catene montuose che si estendono dal Karakorum all'Himalaya, ma vi è una naturale continuità in corrispondenza del Pakistan e della Cina centromeridionale.

Ecosistemi principali

Vi sono rappresentati tutti i biomi temperati, dalla tundra al bioma mediterraneo e al deserto temperato.

Nonostante la spiccata specificità biologica che distingue il continente americano da quello eurasiatico, sussiste una stretta relazione tra la fauna e la flora del Neartico e del Paleartico, dovuta alla continuità territoriale che si è verificata nel corso delle glaciazioni. Le due ecozone hanno perciò in comune un elevato numero di taxa sia a livello di famiglia sia a livello di genere e, talvolta, anche a livello di specie. A questa connessione naturale si aggiunge quella artificiale dovuta agli intensi scambi commerciali che hanno coinvolto per secoli il Nuovo Continente con l'Europa.

Connessioni particolari si hanno, invece, fra la biodiversità del Neartico e del Neotropico, fra il Paleartico occidentale e la regione afrotropicale, fra il Paleartico orientale e l'Indomalesia. In questi casi le relazioni sono dovute alla continuità territoriale, ma sono fondamentalmente dovuti a flussi di radiazione occorsi nelle fasi interglaciali, che hanno coinvolto le regioni temperate calde e quelle tropicali.

Specie a distribuzione olartica

Alcune specie animali sono diffuse attraverso i vari continenti per gran parte dell'ecozona olartica.

Bibliografia

  • Bennet, K. D.; J. H. Lawton; A. Gibbs; M. H. Williamson; M. W. Holdgate; W. D. Hamilton; G. R. Conway. 1986. The Rate of Spread and Population in Increase of Forest Trees During the Postglacial [and Discussion]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 314:1167:523-531
  • Coope, G. R.; A. S. Wilkins. 1994. The Response of Insect Faunas to Glacial-Interglacial Climatic Fluctuations [and Discussion] (in Historical Perspective). Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences. 344:1307:19-26.
  • Logan, J. A.; J. Régnière; J. A. Powell. 2003. Assessing the Impacts of Global Warming on Forest Pest Dynamics (in Reviews). Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 1:3:130-137.
  • Paquet, P. C.; R. F. Noss; H. B. Quigley; M. G. Hornocker; T. Merrill. 1996. Conservation Biology and Carnivore Conservation in the Rocky Mountains (in Special Section: Large Carnivore Conservation in the Rocky Mountains of the United States and Canada). Conservation Biology. 10:4:949-963.
  • Rodriguez, J; J. Hortal.; M. Nieto. 2006. An evaluation of the influence of environment and biogeography on community structure: the case of Holarctic mammals. Journal of Biogeography, Vol. 33:2:291-303
  • Schultz, J. 2007. The Ecozones of the World. Translated by B. Ahnert. Second Edition. Springer, Verlag, Netherlands.
  • Sommer, R. S.; N. Benecke. 2005. The recolonization of Europe by brown bears Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 after the Last Glacial Maximum. Mammal Review. 35:2:156-164.
  • Stewart, J.R.; A.M. Lister. 2001. Cryptic northern refugia and the origins of the modern biota. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 16:11:608-613.
  • Stokstad, E. 2004. Defrosting the Carbon Freezer of the North. Science. 304:5677:1618-1620
  • Taberlet, P.; R. Cheddadi. 2002. Quaternary Refugia and Persistence of Biodiversity (in Science's Compass; Perspectives). Science, New Series. 297:5589:2009-2010.
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. http://unfccc.int/2860.php Archiviato il 1º febbraio 2018 in Internet Archive.. Accessed December 2007.
  • Williams, D. W.; A. M. Liebhold. 2002. Climate change and the outbreak ranges of two North American bark beetles. Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 4:2:87–99.
  • Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative. 2006. http://www.y2y.net. Accessed December 2007.

Voci correlate

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Controllo di autoritàVIAF (EN242972044 · GND (DE4025600-5
  Portale Geografia: accedi alle voci di Wikipedia che trattano di geografia

Read other articles:

Grenada başbakanı, Karayipler'de Küçük Antiller'in bir parçası konumunda olan ve coğrafî açıdan Orta Amerika'ya dâhil edilen Grenada'da henüz bağımsızlığın kazanılmadığı 1960 yılından sonra hükûmetin başında yer alan kişi olarak bu makama getirilen kişiye verilen unvandır. 1974 yılında elde edilen bağımsızlık önce başbakanlar Grenada şef Bakanları (1960-1967) Şef bakan Görev süresi Siyasi Parti (seçildiği dönem) Nr. Resim İsim (Doğum–Ölüm) G

 

Нижний Новгород, административный центр Нижегородской области и город областного значения, включает административно-территориальные образования: 8 внутригородских районов, а также 2 сельсовета (Берёзовопойменский, Новинский) и 1 курортный посёлок (Зелёный Город)[1]. Н

 

Леонид Киенко Полное имя Леонид Владимирович Киенко Родился 10 июня 1974(1974-06-10) (49 лет)Находка, Приморский край, СССР Гражданство  Россия Рост 181 см Позиция полузащитник Информация о клубе Клуб Уссури Должность главный тренер Клубная карьера[* 1] 1992—1998 Океан 99 (9) 1993 →...

Voce principale: Nazionale di calcio del Kosovo. Kosovo Under-21 Uniformi di gara Casa Trasferta Sport Calcio Federazione FFK Confederazione UEFA Soprannome Dardanët (Dardani) Selezionatore Michael Nees Esordio internazionale Irlanda 1 - 0 Kosovo Dublino, 25 marzo 2017 Migliore vittoria Andorra 0 - 4 KosovoAndorra la Vella, 6 giugno 2019 Peggiore sconfitta Kosovo 0 - 6 InghilterraPristina, 4 settembre 2020 La nazionale kosovara di calcio Under-21 è la rappresentativa calcistica Under-21 del...

 

Cantone di Cannes-Centreex cantoneCanton de Cannes-Centre LocalizzazioneStato Francia Regione Provenza-Alpi-Costa Azzurra Dipartimento Alpi Marittime ArrondissementGrasse AmministrazioneCapoluogoCannes Data di soppressione24 febbraio 2014 TerritorioCoordinatedel capoluogo43°33′05″N 7°00′46″E / 43.551389°N 7.012778°E43.551389; 7.012778 (Cantone di Cannes-Centre)Coordinate: 43°33′05″N 7°00′46″E / 43.551389°N 7.012778°E...

 

Political philosophy during the 1912 US presidential election This article is about Theodore Roosevelt's progressive political platform announced that was during his 1912 presidential campaign. For the right-wing movement in the 2010s, see Neo-nationalism. This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (October 2018) This article is part of a seri...

City in the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia For other uses, see Elista (disambiguation). City in Kalmykia, RussiaElista ЭлистаCity[1]Other transcription(s) • KalmykЭлст • Former nameStepnoy (Степной)Golden Temple, Echo Monument, Monument to Oka Gorodovikov, Stupa of enlightenment, Golden Door FlagCoat of armsLocation of Elista ElistaLocation of ElistaShow map of European RussiaElistaElista (Europe)Show map of EuropeCoordinates: 46°19′N 44�...

 

Remixed & Revisitedkompilasi karya MadonnaDirilis24 November 2003Direkam2003GenreDance pop, pop rockDurasi29:27LabelMaverickProduserMadonna, Mirwais Ahmadzaï, Mark Spike Stent, Missy Elliott, Soul Diggaz, Dallas AustinKronologi Madonna American Life(2003)American Life2003 Remixed & Revisited(2003) Confessions on a Dance Floor(2005)Confessions on a Dance Floor2005 Remixed & Revisited adalah album remix kedua karya penyanyi-penulis lagu berkebangsaan Amerika Serikat Madonna. Al...

 

سفارة فيتنام في الصين فيتنام الصين الإحداثيات 39°54′42″N 116°26′23″E / 39.9116°N 116.4398°E / 39.9116; 116.4398  البلد الصين  المكان بكين الموقع الالكتروني الموقع الرسمي تعديل مصدري - تعديل   سفارة فيتنام في الصين هي أرفع تمثيل دبلوماسي[1] لدولة فيتنام لدى الصين.[2][3...

Annual records, head coaches and postseason results for Penn State Nittany Lions football. Beaver Stadium, the home venue since 1960 This is a list of seasons completed by the Penn State Nittany Lions football team of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS). Since the team's creation in 1887, the Nittany Lions have participated in 1,368 officially sanctioned games, including 52 bowl games.[1][2] For most of its existence, ...

 

Esta página ou se(c)ção precisa ser formatada para o padrão wiki. Por favor ajude a formatar esta página de acordo com as diretrizes estabelecidas. (Novembro de 2020) O artigo ou secção Câmara magmática deverá ser fundido aqui. (desde novembro de 2020)Se discorda, discuta sobre esta fusão na página de discussão deste artigo. Imagem ilustrativa das diferentes configurações abrangidas nos limites tectônicos. A formação de dorsais meso-oceânicas são os principais sistemas de ...

 

BBC radio comedy show Richard Murdoch, left, and Kenneth Horne in Much-Binding-in-the Marsh, 1948 Much-Binding-in-the-Marsh was a comedy show broadcast from 1944 to 1950 and 1951 to 1954 by BBC radio and in 1950–51 by Radio Luxembourg. It was written by and starred Richard Murdoch and Kenneth Horne as officers in a fictional RAF station coping with red tape and the inconveniences and incongruities of life in the Second World War. After the war the station became a country club and finally t...

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Venizélos et ATH. Cet article est une ébauche concernant un aéroport et la Grèce. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Aéroport international d’Athènes « Elefthérios Venizélos »Διεθνής Αερολιμένας Αθηνών «Ελευθέριος Βενιζέλος» Aéroport d’Athènes Élefthérios-Venizélos. Localisation Pays Grèce Vil...

 

Sebuah kilonova yang terjadi di galaksi NGC 4993. Kilonova atau Makronova adalah peristiwa astronomi sementara yang terjadi ketika sepasang bintang neutron atau pasangan bintang neutron dan lubang hitam berinteraksi dan bertabrakan sehingga terjadi ledakan sinar gamma sesaat dengan kecerlangan 1000 kali dari nova tapi tidak secerah supernova.[1][2] Penggabungan bintang neutron biner dapat mengguncang ruang-waktu, menghasilkan ledakan elektromagnetik paling kuat di alam semesta...

 

Hans Reimann, eigentlich Albert Johannes Reimann (* 18. November 1889 in Leipzig; † 13. Juni 1969 in Schmalenbeck bei Hamburg) war ein deutscher humoristischer Schriftsteller, Dramatiker und Drehbuchautor. Er verwendete auch die Pseudonyme Max Bunge, Hans Heinrich, Artur Sünder, Hanns Heinz Vampir und Andreas Zeltner. Hans Reimann Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben 2 Künstlerisches Schaffen 3 Werke (Auswahl) 4 Tondokumente 4.1 Originalaufnahmen 4.2 Wiederveröffentlichungen 5 Literatur 6 Weblinks...

People descending from indigenous Africans living outside Africa This article is about emigration from Africa in historic times. For prehistoric human migration, see recent African origin of modern humans. For recent migration, see emigration from Africa. African diasporaRegions with significant populations United States46,936,733 (2020)[1] Brazil18,584,218 (2021)[2][3] Haiti9,925,365[4] France3,000,000–5,000,000[5] Colombia4,...

 

20th-century Romanian politician For the city in Romania formerly known as Dr. Petru Groza, see Ștei. Petru GrozaPresident of the Presidium of the Great National AssemblyIn office12 June 1952 – 7 January 1958Preceded byConstantin Ion ParhonSucceeded byIon Gheorghe MaurerPresident of the Council of MinistersIn office6 March 1945 – 2 June 1952MonarchMichael I (1945–1947)PresidentConstantin Ion Parhon(1947–1952)DeputyGheorghe Tătărescu(1945–1947)Gheorghe Gheorghiu-...

 

اضغط هنا للاطلاع على كيفية قراءة التصنيف الغمار الملحي   المرتبة التصنيفية نوع  التصنيف العلمي النطاق: حقيقيات النوى المملكة: حيوانات العويلم: ثنائيات التناظر غير مصنف: جميع المفصليات الشعبة: مفصليات الأرجل الشعيبة: جميع القشريات غير مصنف: قشريات الطائفة: لينات الدرق�...

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع بلدة لوغان (توضيح). بلدة لوغان الإحداثيات 43°51′28″N 86°07′05″W / 43.857777777778°N 86.118055555556°W / 43.857777777778; -86.118055555556  [1] تقسيم إداري  البلد الولايات المتحدة[2]  التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة ماسون  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 36.0 ميل مربع  ارت�...

 

American tennis player For the other tennis player, see Evelyn Sears. Eleonora SearsFull nameEleonora Randolph SearsCountry (sports) United StatesBorn(1881-09-28)September 28, 1881Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.DiedMarch 16, 1968(1968-03-16) (aged 86)Palm Beach, Florida, U.S.PlaysRight-handedInt. Tennis HoF1968 (member page)SinglesHighest rankingNo.6 (US ranking)Grand Slam singles resultsWimbledon2R (1923)US OpenF (1912)DoublesGrand Slam doubles resultsWimbledon2R (1924)U...

 
Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya