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Trattati di Parigi (1947)

Trattati di Parigi
I rappresentanti del Canada alla firma dei Trattati di Parigi
Firma10 febbraio 1947
LuogoParigi
CondizioniCompleto ridisegnamento dell'Europa
Imposizione di sanzioni alle nazioni vinte
PartiAlleati:
Unione Sovietica (bandiera) Unione Sovietica
Stati Uniti
Regno Unito (bandiera) Regno Unito
Francia (bandiera) Francia
Polonia (bandiera) Polonia
Cina
Jugoslavia (bandiera) Jugoslavia
Albania (bandiera) Albania
Cecoslovacchia (bandiera) Cecoslovacchia
Grecia (bandiera) Grecia
Potenze dell'Asse:
Italia (bandiera) Italia
Romania (bandiera) Romania
Ungheria (bandiera) Ungheria
Bulgaria (bandiera) Bulgaria
Finlandia (bandiera) Finlandia
voci di trattati presenti su Wikipedia

I trattati di Parigi furono dei trattati di pace firmati nella capitale francese il 10 febbraio 1947 dopo la fine della seconda guerra mondiale. La sottoscrizione dei trattati fu preceduta da una conferenza di pace che si svolse parimenti a Parigi, tra il 29 luglio e il 15 ottobre 1946.

Stati firmatari

I trattati vennero firmati tra:

L'esclusione della Germania dalle nazioni firmatarie ebbe una chiara valenza di diritto internazionale, avendo subito la nazione tedesca il fenomeno della debellatio in seguito all'occupazione del suo intero territorio e alla conseguente soppressione di qualsiasi governo. La Germania non era più, dunque, un soggetto di diritto internazionale e, pertanto, non poteva firmare alcun trattato; le sue sorti anche territoriali erano quindi affidate a semplici ordinanze militari delle quattro potenze occupanti.

Trasferimenti territoriali

Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Trattato di Parigi fra l'Italia e le potenze alleate.

L'Italia, oltre a restituire i territori francesi, jugoslavi e greci occupati durante la guerra, cedeva:

La città di Trieste coi comuni circostanti e la parte dell'Istria non ceduta alla Jugoslavia avrebbero dovuto formare il Territorio Libero di Trieste, poi mai concretamente costituito.

L'Italia cedeva inoltre tutte le sue colonie:

L'Ungheria veniva riportata ai confini del 1938, ed in particolare:

La Romania:

La Bulgaria:

La Finlandia dovette riconoscere le perdite territoriali già stabilite nell'Armistizio di Mosca del 1944, cedendo all'Unione Sovietica:

Riparazioni di guerra

A tutte le nazioni sconfitte venne imposto di pagare delle compensazioni monetarie come risarcimento dei danni provocati durante la guerra (le cifre sono in dollari americani del 1938):

  • all'Italia 360 milioni, di cui:
    • 125 alla Jugoslavia;
    • 105 alla Grecia;
    • 100 all'Unione Sovietica;
    • 25 all'Etiopia;
    • 5 all'Albania.[1]
  • alla Finlandia 300 milioni, tutti all'Unione Sovietica.
  • all'Ungheria 300 milioni, di cui:
    • 200 all'Unione Sovietica;
    • 100 a Cecoslovacchia e Jugoslavia.
  • alla Romania 300 milioni, tutti all'Unione Sovietica.
  • alla Bulgaria 70 milioni, di cui:
    • 45 alla Grecia;
    • 25 alla Jugoslavia.

Clausole politiche

Le nazioni sconfitte si impegnarono a prendere tutte le misure necessarie per garantire alle persone al di sotto della loro giurisdizione, senza distinzione di razza, sesso, lingua o religione, il godimento dei diritti umani e delle libertà fondamentali, compresa la libertà di espressione, di stampa e pubblicazione, di culto, di opinione politica e di pubblica riunione; nessuna sanzione poteva essere presa contro cittadini che, fin dall'inizio della guerra ed alla fine di questa, avevano appoggiato gli Alleati o avevano svolto azioni partigiane.

I Governi delle nazioni sconfitte si impegnarono inoltre a prevenire il riemergere di organizzazioni fasciste o di qualunque altro tipo, sia politiche che militari o semi-militari.

Note

  1. ^ Filippo Focardi, Il cattivo tedesco e il bravo italiano. La rimozione delle colpe della seconda guerra mondiale, Editori Laterza, ISBN 978-88-581-0430-9, pag. 219, nota 92. Inoltre "gran parte di questi debiti fu saldata con la confisca dei beni italiani nei paesi creditori". (ibidem)

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