2016年にイギリスで使われるようになった言葉で、当初はこの言葉は、イギリスの低所得世帯の女性と女子の間で、生理用品の購入が困難という問題が増えている、ということを示しており、イギリスの緊縮財政政策(英語版)による市民の苦境とフェミニズムの台頭の中で生まれた[8]。アメリカ医学女性協会(American Women’s Medical Association)は生理の貧困を、「月経に関する衛生的な手段や教育が十分に行き届いていない状態を指す」としている[9]。明治大学の秋保さやかは、国際開発における生理の貧困の内容として、「月経に関する資源、支援の欠如や、身体的・心理的苦痛、苦悩、経血を周囲の人に見られることやその臭いへの不安、嘲笑を懸念し授業を欠席すること、ジェンダーに配慮された水衛生(WASH(英語版)、水・トイレ・衛生)設備の欠如」を上げている [1]。健康的な生活を送る条件には、ジェンダーによる差異がある[3]。生理現象である排泄に対してはトイレットペーパーが(少なくとも日本では)一般的にトイレに配備されている一方、同様に生理現象である月経対処に対する配慮がなく、大阪大学の杉田映理は、ジェンダー配慮の欠如ではないかと評している[10]。
2012年に WHO・UNICEF が 上記の UNESCO の定義の内 1 - 4 を、2014年に UNESCO が 5 - 8 を追加して示しており、女子や女性個人のミクロな環境だけでなく、広く社会のシステムとして月経に対処しやすい環境を整えることの必要性を明示した[29]。近年では上記の8つに取り組むことを、月経にまつわる健康と衛生(Menstrual Health and Hygiene:MHH)と呼ぶ組織が増えている[29]。これは、月経衛生対処より月経にまつわる健康と衛生(MHH)の方が広義で、「月経に伴う心理的、社会的・政治的、環境的な要因が、女性の精神面や身体面の健康に与える影響も含む概念である」という理解に基づくためであり、UNICEFが2019年に発行した手引きも、『女性の健康と衛生の手引き(Guidance on Menstrual Health and Hygiene)』となっている[29][30]。
発展途上国と呼ばれる所得水準が低い国々に対して国際開発が行われており、ミレニアム開発目標(Millennium Development Goals:MDGs)の議論から持続可能な開発目標(Sustainable Development Goals:SDGs)採択に至る流れの中で、衛生改善に関連し、月経のある女子生徒の衛生環境や、月経に起因する学校の欠席、ドロップアウト、学力への影響、女性やマイノリティへの配慮の必要性が認識されるようになった[28][1]。
アメリカでは「タンポン税」を廃止して低所得者層でも生理用品が入手しやすくなるよう、「生理の平等化」を求めて各地でデモが行われ、2014年にオレゴン州の高校生ナディア・オカモト(英語版)とヴィンセント・フォランドによって 「Period」というNGOが設立され、活動を続けている[93][94]。彼らは2019年10月19日に「National Period Day(全国生理の日)」を開催し、全米各地でデモ行進も行われた[95][96]。
日本では、2019年に大学生だった谷口歩実、福井みのり、塩野美里が「#みんなの生理」を立ち上げ、「生理用品を軽減税率対象にしてください!」という署名を始めた頃から、メディアに取り上げられるようになったと言われ[2][112][113]、福井みのりは「生理の貧困」という言葉は、英語の Period Poverty を自分たちが直訳したものだと述べている[114]。この問題を取材してきたNHKの市野凜によると、NHKが「生理の貧困」について報道を始めた2021年3月時点で、日本ではほとんど知られていない言葉であったという[115]。
^Yazıcıoğlu, Alara Esfun (2018) (English). Pink Tax and the Law: Discriminating Against Women Consumers (1st ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 1. ISBN978-1-138-59729-7
Nan Lin, Ning Ding, Emily Meza-Wilson, Amila Manuradha Devasurendra, Christopher Godwin, Sung Kyun Park, Stuart Batterman (2020). “Volatile organic compounds in feminine hygiene products sold in the US market: A survey of products and health risks”. Environment International144. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105740.
Sara De Benedictis (2021). “Periods of austerity: The emergence of ‘period poverty’ in UK news media”. European Journal of Cultural Studies26. doi:10.1177/13675494221133131.
Bettina Bildhauer; Camilla Mork Røstvik; Sharra L Vostral (2022). Introduction: The Period Products (Free Provision) (Scotland) Act 2021 in the Context of Menstrual Politics and History. The Politics and History of Menstruation: Contextualising the Scottish Campaign to End Period Poverty. 8. doi:10.16995/olh.8159
В Википедии есть статьи о других людях с такой фамилией, см. Маркевич. Мирон Маркевич Общая информация Полное имя Мирон Богданович Маркевич Родился 1 февраля 1951(1951-02-01) (72 года)Винники, Львовская область, Украинская ССР, СССР Гражданство СССР Украина Рост 173 см Позиция полуза
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Robert TylerSecretary to the President of the United StatesIn office1841 – March 4, 1845Preceded byHenry Huntington HarrisonSucceeded byJoseph Knox WalkerConfederate Register of the TreasuryIn office1861–1865Preceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byPosition abolished Personal detailsBorn(1816-09-09)September 9, 1816DiedDecember 3, 1877(1877-12-03) (aged 61)Spouse Priscilla Cooper (m. 1839) Robert Tyler (September 9, 1816 – December 3, 1877)...
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Este artigo não cita fontes confiáveis. Ajude a inserir referências. Conteúdo não verificável pode ser removido.—Encontre fontes: ABW • CAPES • Google (N • L • A) (Maio de 2019) A Universidade de Mulheres Ewha. A Universidade de Mulheres Ewha (em coreano 이화여자대학교) é uma universidade privada coreana, exclusiva para estudantes mulheres, localizada no centro de Seul, na Coreia do Sul. Foi fundada no ano de 1886...
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Mathematical symbol, ∞ ∞ redirects here. For other uses, see infinity (disambiguation) and infinity sign (disambiguation). ∞ {\displaystyle \infty } Infinity symbolIn UnicodeU+221E ∞ INFINITY (∞)Different fromDifferent fromU+267E ♾ PERMANENT PAPER SIGNU+26AD ⚭ MARRIAGE SYMBOL The infinity symbol (∞) is a mathematical symbol representing the concept of infinity. This symbol is also called a lemniscate,[1] after the lemnisc...
2011 television film directed by Patricia Riggen Lemonade MouthExtended edition US DVD coverGenre Drama Musical Based onLemonade Mouthby Mark Peter HughesTeleplay byApril BlairDirected byPatricia RiggenStarring Bridgit Mendler Adam Hicks Hayley Kiyoko Naomi Scott Blake Michael Music byChristopher LennertzCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionExecutive producerDebra Martin ChaseProducerMatias AlvarezCinematographyChecco VareseEditorGirish BhargavaRunning time106 minut...
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