^Handbook of Christianity in Japan / edited by Mark R. Mullins. p. cm. — (Handbook of oriental studies, Section 5, Japan ; v. 10) ISBN 90-04-13156-6 I. Japan—Church history. I. Series. pp. 251-252, "A more antagonistic dynamic between Shinto and Christianity in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries is more easily identified. Early evidence is to be found, for example, in Hideyoshi's expulsion edict of 1587 and his 1591 letter to the Governor General of Goa (Gonoi 1990, 150ñ1). In both, Hideyoshi deploys Shinto symbolism to justify the expulsion from Japan of Christianity and its missionaries. Item 1 of the edict reads: Japan is the Land of the Gods. Diffusion here from the Kirishitan Country of a pernicious doctrine is most undesirable. His 1591 letter begins in the same vein. The fact is that our land is the land of the godsîóand then proceeds to an exposition of what Takagi Shÿsaku (1993) has identified as Yoshida Shinto theories of the origins of the universe. Asao Naohiro has observed that Hideyoshi was consciously constructing the idea of Japan as land of the gods as a counter and response to the idea of Europe as land of the Christian God. Ieyasu's letters to the Governor General of the Philippines in 1604 and the Governor General of Mexico in 1612 articulate the same ideas about Christianity's incompatibility with Japan as shinkoku, the land of the gods (Asao 1991, 108ñ18; Gonoi 1990, 203ñ5). More research needs to be done on this linkage between the Christian proscription and Shinto ideas, but it would not be surprising, given the nature of the nativistic dynamic, if counter-Christian concerns were somewhere present in the anxiety of both Hideyoshi and Ieyasu to have themselves deified and venerated after their deaths. "
^ abGuillaume, Xavier. “Misdirected Understandings: Narrative Matrices in the Japanese Politics of Alterity Toward the West.” Contemporary Japan, Volume 15, Issue 1. Japanstudien: Jahrbuch des Deutschen Instituts für Japanstudien 15 (2003): p. 99.
^MATSUDA Kiichi. Tenshō Ken’ō Shisetsu. Tokyo: Chōbunsha, 1991, pp. 274-5
^Slavery in Medieval Japan, Slavery in Medieval Japan, Thomas Nelson, Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 59, No. 4 (Winter, 2004), pp. 463-492, "As early as 1555, complaints were made by the Church that Portuguese merchants were taking Japaense slave girls with them back to Portugal and living with them there in sin....Political disunity in Japan, however, together with the difficulty that the Portuguese Crown faced in enforcing its will in the distant Indies, the ready availability of human merchandise, and the profits to be made from the trade meant that the chances were negligible of such a ban actually being enforced. In 1603 and 1605, the citizens of Goa protested against the law, claiming that it was wrong to ban the traffic in slaves who had been legally bought. Eventually, in 1605, King Philip of Spain and Portugal issued a document that was a masterpiece of obfuscation intended both to pacify his critics in Goa demanding the right to take Japanese slaves and the Jesuits, who insisted that the practice be banned."
^OKAMOTO Yoshitomo. Jūroku Seiki Nichiō Kōtsūshi no Kenkyū. Tokyo: Kōbunsō, 1936 (revised edition by Rokkō Shobō, 1942 and 1944, and reprint by Hara Shobō, 1969, 1974 and 1980). pp. 728-730
^Jesuits and the Problem of Slavery in Early Modern Japan, Rômulo da Silva Ehalt, 2017. pp. 496-497 "If that is the case, the king had then sent copies of the same order to India at least three times: in 1603, when Aires de Saldanha published it, in 1604, with Martim Afonso de Castro, and in 1605."
^COSTA, João Paulo Oliveira e. O Cristianismo no Japão e o Episcopado de D. Luís Cerqueira. PhD thesis. Lisbon: Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1998, p. 312. Sousa indicates the same letters, but he mistakenly attributed them to Filipe II, Filipe III’s father. See SOUSA, Lúcio de. Escravatura e Diáspora Japonesa nos séculos XVI e XVII. Braga: NICPRI, 2014, p. 298.
^Jesuits and the Problem of Slavery in Early Modern Japan, Rômulo da Silva Ehalt, 2017. p. 493
^Jesuits and the Problem of Slavery in Early Modern Japan, Rômulo da Silva Ehalt, 2017. pp. 494-504
^Jesuits and the Problem of Slavery in Early Modern Japan, Rômulo da Silva Ehalt, 2017. pp. 19-20
^Harald Fischer-Tiné (2003). “'White women degrading themselves to the lowest depths': European networks of prostitution and colonial anxieties in British India and Ceylon ca. 1880–1914”. Indian Economic and Social History Review40 (2): 163–90 [175–81]. doi:10.1177/001946460304000202.
^ abCartas que os Padres e Irmaos da Companhia da Iesus, que andao nos Reynos de lapao escreverao aos da mesma Companhia da India, e Europa, desde anno de 1549 ate 1580. Primeiro Tomo, Evora 1598. f. 155.
^ abアルメイダ、1564年10月14日付豊後発信書(Cartas que os Padres e Irmaos da Companhia da Iesus, que andao nos Reynos de lapao escreverao aos da mesma Companhia da India, e Europa, desde anno de 1549 ate 1580. Primeiro Tomo, Evora 1598.f.151v.)
^Ribeiro, Madalena, Gaspar Vilela. Between Kyúshú and the Kinai, Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies, vol. 15, diciembre, 2007, pp. 9-27
^BOXER, C. R. The Christian Century in Japan, 1549 – 1650. California: University of California Press, 1974, pp. 97-98, "But since the Portuguese are unwilling to do this, and they often go to places against the padres` wishes, there is always much jealousy and rivalry between these lords, from which follow in turn to great toil and moil to the padres and to Christianity. And, moreover, it sometimes happens that the Portguese go with their ships to the fiefs of heathen lords who bitterly persecute the padres and Christianity, wrecking churches and burning images, which causes great scandal and contempt of the Christian religion."
^Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 2, 1600 to 2000, edited by Wm. Theodore de Bary, Carol Gluck, and Arthur E. Tiedemann, New York: Columbia University Press, 2005. pp. 169-170
^Boxer, C. R. (1951). The Christian Century in Japan: 1549–1650. University of California Press., pp. 152–53. GGKEY:BPN6N93KBJ7.
^de Bary, Wm. Theodore (2005). “Part IV: The Tokugawa Peace”. Sources of Japanese Tradition: 1600 to 2000. Columbia University Press. pp. 149. ISBN9780231518123
^Boxer, C. R. The Christian Century in Japan: 1549-1650. Manchester: Carcanet Press Ltd., 1951., pp. 149-151.
^Berry, Mary Elizabeth. Hideyoshi. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982. pp. 92-93
^Visiones de un mundo diferente: Política, literatura de avisos y arte namban Imagen de portada del libro Visiones de un mundo diferente: Política, literatura de avisos y arte namban, Osami Takizawa (coord.), Antonio Míguez Santa Cruz (coord.), Centro Europeo para la Difusión de las Ciencias Sociales, 2015, ISBN 978-84-608-1270-8, p. 63, "Tras el edicto de expulsión de los jesuitas en 1587, Hideyoshi se interesó por abrir una posible vía de comercio que no pasase necesariamente por los portugueses y, puesto que el trato con los chinos seguía cerrado, las Filipinas eran una de las pocas alternativas disponibles; así, a partir de 1591 se autorizó el comercio con Manila9 . De todas formas, se trató de un lujo muy luctuante y bastante pobre, tal y como se extrae del reducido número de navíos comerciales japoneses llegados a la capital ilipina durante los años analizados en este artículo, diecisiete según nos dice el profesor Emilio Sola10. En cuanto a las mercancías intercambiadas, sabemos por los documentos castellanos que el principal negocio era el de la plata japonesa –Japón producía en ese momento nada menos que un tercio de la plata mundial11– a cambio de la seda china, con lo que realmente se trataba básicamente de hacer de intermediarios en el interrumpido comercio entre Japón y China. Aparte de esto, Filipinas importaba cáñamo, cobre, hierro, acero, plomo, salitre, mantas, pólvora, espadas, etc.12 y en Japón estaban muy interesados por cierto tipo de vasijas de cerámica ilipina."
^La colonia de japoneses en Manila en el marco de las relaciones de Filipinas y Japón en los siglos XVI y XVII, José Eugenio Borao Mateo, Revista anual de Literatura, Pensamiento e Historia, Metodología de la Enseñanza del Español como Lengua Extranjera y Lingüística de la Confederación Académica Nipona, Española y Latinoamericana, ISSN 1344-9109, Nº. 17, 2005, págs. 25-53, "Con ocasión de la llegada de los barcos de Matsuura de Hirado (1585) y de Ohmura de Nagasaki (1586), los japoneses que aún permanecían en Cagayan así como muchos de Lingayen, se desplazaron a Manila. Las primeras relaciones entre españoles y japoneses de Manila estuvieron marcadas por el recelo. Por un lugar estaban las sospechas sobre los verdaderos motivos de la llegada de barcos japoneses, ya que ello no casaba demasiado con la promulgación del decreto de expulsión de misioneros cristianos en 1587, es decir, de los jesuitas portugueses venidos de Macao. Ciertamente, el decreto no tuvo grandes consecuencias, ya que los misioneros disminuyeron sus apariciones públicas, e Hideyoshi se dio por satisfecho. Pero, las sospechas en Manila se agravaron con los dos barcos que llegaron en 1587. En el primero de ellos, perteneciente al japonés Joan Gayo, la tripulación resultó sospechosa de complicidad en una insurrección de nativos, liderada por Agustín Legazpi. Algunos fueron arrestados y, en particular, el intérprete japonés Dionisio Fernández fue ajusticiado el 13 de junio del año siguiente (1588)8. El segundo barco, de Matsuura de Hirado, llegó el 15 de julio con armas y provisiones. Aunque el capitán del barco llevaba un mensaje de buena voluntad de su señor Matsuura y de su hermano, cuyo nombre cristiano era Gaspar, esta vez los españoles tomaron precauciones y los 40 marineros de la tripulación fueron atendidos por la iglesia de Manila y tras acabar sus negocios se marcharon."
^Never Imagine Yourself to be Otherwise: Filipino Image of Japan over the Centuries, Elpidio STA. ROMANA and Ricardo T. JOSE, Asian Studies 29 (1991), pp. 67-68, "In 1587, an ill-fated Filipino anti-Spanish rebellion led by Don Agustin de Legaspi, Martin Panga and Magat Salamat took place in Manila and adjacent areas. The Filipino rebels got in touch with a Christian Japanese adventurer named Juan Gayo and enlisted him in a plan to use other armed Japanese to be disguised as traders stationed offshore. On signal, Gayo and his men were to attack from the sea and help the Filipinos drive the Spaniards out of Manila. But when the time of the attack came, Gayo either simply lost interest or betrayed the rebels. The Filipino rebels waited in vain for his help; meanwhile, the Spaniards discovered the plan, rounded up the leaders and executed them publicly. 9 The involvement of a Japanese naturally made the Spaniards more suspicious."
^La colonia de japoneses en Manila en el marco de las relaciones de Filipinas y Japón en los siglos XVI y XVII, José Eugenio Borao Mateo, Revista anual de Literatura, Pensamiento e Historia, Metodología de la Enseñanza del Español como Lengua Extranjera y Lingüística de la Confederación Académica Nipona, Española y Latinoamericana, ISSN 1344-9109, Nº. 17, 2005, págs. 25-53, "En 1589, fueron 30 ó 40 japoneses los que llegaron a Manila. Iban con vestimenta de peregrinos, para visitar las iglesias del país. Llevaban rosarios en el cuello y se movían con gran penitencia. Anduvieron 15 leguas alrededor de Manila y sus esteros, reconociéndolo todo. No se les molestó y se acabaron marchando. El gobernador fue de los que creyó a posteriori que habían venido en misión de espionaje, y con los datos que hubieran obtenido, tras contrastarlos con los de otros de los comerciantes, “se [habría] conocido en Japón la riqueza y la flaqueza de los naturales y la gente española que había para defender las Islas”9. Era el inicio del expansionismo de Hideyoshi10, y los españoles pensaron que también podrían ser objeto de un ataque japonés, y, en previsión de ello, Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas dio instrucciones, a principios de 1592, para preparar la defensa. Una de las medidas adoptadas fue congregar a todos los japoneses residentes de Manila en un barrio extramuros, el de Dilao, confiscarles sus armas y limitar su libre movilidad por la ciudad. La medida no parecía vana, a juzgar por las embajadas de Japón que llegaron a continuación a Manila."
^Never Imagine Yourself to be Otherwise: Filipino Image of Japan over the Centuries, Elpidio STA. ROMANA and Ricardo T. JOSE, Asian Studies 29 (1991), pp. 67-68, "In 1591, a Japanese named Harada Magoshichiro was reported to have studied parts of the Philippines and recommended that Hideyoshi conquers the Philippines. Hideyoshi made concrete plans but sent an emissary the following year to Manila and demanded that the Spaniards become his vassals and pay tribute; otherwise he would invade the Philippines. He has just invaded Korea, and the poorly defended Spaniards could only reply that they sought friendship with Japan. Japanese ships entering Manila were checked thoroughly to make sure they carried no weapons. The Japanese community in Manila was disarmed and resettled outside Manila in a place called Dilao district. The next year, the Spaniards tried to guard their north flank by invading Taiwan but a typhoon thwarted that expedition. Later, Hideyoshi also sent a request to the Spanish authorities in the Philippines for shipbuilders but was refused by the Spaniards who realized that they will be used to build warships. The apprehensive Spaniards sought reinforcements from Mexico. 10 The Japanese were also suspicious of Spanish attempts to proselyte in Japan. This mutual suspicion - Spain fearing a Japanese invasion, Japan suspicious of Spanish evangelization and fearful that Japan might be involved in power conflicts in Europe- was to continue into the early 17th century."
^ abMartín de la Ascensión to Doctor Morga, 28 January 1597, in The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803, ed. Blair and Robertson, vol. 15, p. 125.
^ abcTurnbull, Stephen (2016) "Wars and Rumours of Wars: Japanese Plans to Invade the Philippines, 1593–1637," Naval War College Review (海軍大学校 (アメリカ合衆国)レビュー): Vol. 69 : No. 4 , Article 10., p.5
^Lipp, Solomon. Lessons Learned from Pedro de Gante. American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese. Hispania, 1947, 194.
^Metcalf, Alida C. (2005). Go-Betweens and the Colonization of Brazil : 1500-1600. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. pp. 17–33. ISBN 0-292-70970-6.
^ abThe Philippine Islands, 1493–1803, ed. Blair and Robertson, vol. 9, p. 39.
^M. T. Paske-Smith, “Japanese Trade and Residence in the Philippines,” Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan 42, no. 2 (1914), pp. 696–97.
^Francisco de Lorduy, statement incorporated in report by Governor Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas to the king of Spain on the second embassy to Japan, April–May 1593, in The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803, ed. Blair and Robertson, vol. 9, p. 39. The reference may be to Kiemon’s close associate Hasegawa Sōnin instead.
^The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803, ed. Blair and Robertson, vol. 9, p. 41.
^The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803, ed. Blair and Robertson, vol. 9, p. 47-48
^The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803, ed. Blair and Robertson, vol. 9, p. 51-53
^The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803, ed. Blair and Robertson, vol. 9, p. 51-54
^ abcGeoffrey Parker, The Grand Strategy of Philip II (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998), 6.
^ abScreech, Timon. “The English and the Control of Christianity in the Early Edo Period.” Japan Review 24 (2012): pp. 8-9.
^ abThe English and the Control of Christianity in the Early Edo Period, Timon Screech, Japan Review 24 (2012), p. 32, "The dénouement of summer 1616 occurred while Cocks was in Edo; indeed, I have argued here that Cocks’s presence was the trigger. But he sorely overplayed his hand. Cocks’s remarks caused alarm more widespread than he could have intended. As well as banishing the bateren shūmon, Hidetada decided to confine the English and the Dutch.177"
^The English and the Control of Christianity in the Early Edo Period, Timon Screech, Japan Review 24 (2012), p. 30 "Little has been said above about the Dutch. Their base was beside that of the English on Hirado. On first arrival in Japan, Cocks and Saris were shocked to find that individual Dutchmen (not the Company itself) were billing themselves as “English,” which they did so as to engage in piracy without sullying their own country’s name.161 Not withstanding the honours given to Addames, the reputation preceding the English was accordingly not good."
^The English and the Control of Christianity in the Early Edo Period, Timon Screech, Japan Review 24 (2012), p. 31, "The best strategy was to link the Dutch to the Jesuits, which was intensely done after the first change in shogunal attitude in winter 1613–1614, after Saris had left and Cocks had gained some purchase on the situation in Japan. Jacques Speckx (1585–1652), chief of the Dutch factory, he reported, proclaimed that in Asia, “he took the Graue Moris [graf Maurits (1567–1625)] and the Estates of Holland to be as much as the King of England, if not more.”166 Yet Cocks countered, telling Matsura Takanobu that the Dutch were “natural vassals of the King of Spain,” and “in open rebellion cast hym offe,” referring to the Spanish Netherlands. Takanobu should beware, for the Dutch “might breed some alteration in the harts of his owne vasseles to doe as the Hollanders had done,” with wider ramifications, to “make others as themselves are, to the over throwe of the state of Japan.”167 Cocks pursued a dual line: the United Provinces were rightfully part of Catholic Spain, so the Dutch were rebels, and, though this was contradictory, it was England that had secured such independence as the Dutch enjoyed, and so, in a manner, was overlord to them. He informed the Hirado court “that all might heare” how, “the King of England has vassales much greater than the prince (or county [count]) w’ch governs the Hollanders, and that their state or government was under the command of the King of England, he having garrisons of English soldiers in their cheefest fortes, or places of strength they had.”168"
^The English and the Control of Christianity in the Early Edo Period, Timon Screech, Japan Review 24 (2012), p. 31-32 "Cocks was drawing attention to the Cautionary Towns, placed under English control as surety for Elizabeth’s enormous loans to the Dutch cause.170 But it was stretching the point to imply that the United Provinces were under English rule in any comprehensive way. Still, on hearing a Dutchman claim “their kinge of Holland to be the greatest kinge in Christendome, and that held all the others under,” Cocks weighed in: “I was not behindhand to tell him hee need not lye so oude, for that they had no kinge at all in Holland, but wer governed by a count, or rather, they governed him,” that is, he was an elected stadtholder, not a king, which to a Japan just emerging from civil war might seem dangerously loose. And Cocks continued, forgetting Spain: “If they had any kinge of which they might boast, it was the Kinge ma’tes of England, who hitherto have been their protector, otherwise they had never bragged of their states.”171 "
^The English and the Control of Christianity in the Early Edo Period, Timon Screech, Japan Review 24 (2012), p. 33, "Hidetada, now free of his father, made large-scale alterations to Ieyasu’s dispensation, not just with reference to international commerce. “[E]very one complayneth,” said Cocks, “that matters aer worse than in the ould mans daies, and that this man doth nothing but change offecers and displace tonos [daimyo].”181 The sequence with which this paper has engaged ended that autumn. The Jesuits were gone, or at least should have been. They were not supine, however; though few in number and living in hiding (as in England), they leaked out damaging facts. They tried to turn the tables over the matter of the United Provinces, pointing out the King of Spain was only troubled there because of English support, and “thenglish were they w’ch gave hem [the Dutch] meanes to stand against their naturall prince.”182"
^Iwao, “Matsukura Shigemasa,” p. 98. The Nagasaki bugyō were the chief representatives of the Tokugawa regime in the city. Following Hideyoshi’s confiscation of Nagasaki from the Jesuits in 1587, the place was not given to a daimyō (the normal procedure elsewhere in Japan) but retained as “crown property” under the bugyō, a word best translated as “commissioners.” For most of the period under discussion there were two bugyō in office at the same time. As part of their duties involved the supervision of international trade, it was only appropriate that Takenaka was involved in the espionage.
^[Antonio Yxida?], “Events in Filipinas, 1630–32,” 2 July 1632, in The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803, ed. Blair and Robertson, vol. 24, pp. 229–30.
^Turnbull, Stephen (2016) "Wars and Rumours of Wars: Japanese Plans to Invade the Philippines, 1593–1637," Naval War College Review (海軍大学校 (アメリカ合衆国)レビュー): Vol. 69 : No. 4 , Article 10., p. 8
^Hayashi, Shimabara Hantō-shi, p. 980;Nagasaki-ken shi, p. 246.
^ abTurnbull, Stephen (2016) "Wars and Rumours of Wars: Japanese Plans to Invade the Philippines, 1593–1637," Naval War College Review (海軍大学校 (アメリカ合衆国)レビュー): Vol. 69 : No. 4 , Article 10., pp. 8-9
^Turnbull, Stephen (2016) "Wars and Rumours of Wars: Japanese Plans to Invade the Philippines, 1593–1637," Naval War College Review (海軍大学校 (アメリカ合衆国)レビュー): Vol. 69 : No. 4 , Article 10., p.10-11
^The perceived status of the Dutch as the shogun’s “loyal vassals” is brilliantly analysed in Adam Clulow, The Company and the Shogun: The Dutch Encounter with Tokugawa Japan (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2014).
^Japan’s Encounters with the West through the VOC. Western Paintings and Their Appropriation in Japan, Mediating Netherlandish Art and Material Culture in Asia, Yoriko Kobayashi-Sato, December 2014, (pp.267-290)
^Viallé and Blussé, 2005; Nederlandse Factorij Japan 67 1654:37
^Blussé, Leonard, Viallé, Cynthia, The Deshima dagregisters: their original tables of contents, Vol. XI: 1641–1650. Institute for the Studyof European Expansion, Intercontinenta 23, 2001
^Viallé and Blussé, 2005; Nederlandse Factorij Japan 67 1654:35:37:51
^Blussé and Viallé, 2005; NFJ 67:110, NFJ 68:1,105.
^NA 1.04.21, Ned. Factorij in Japan 1609–1860 inv. nr. 188; NA 1.04.21 inv. nr. 1565; DD 15.08.1778.
^Blussé et al., 2004, DD. A.W. Feith 1777–1778: 8.
^ abInnes, Robert Leroy. “The Door Ajar: Japan's Foreign Trade in the Seventeenth Century.” PhD Dissertation. University of Michigan, 1980. pp. 161-163.
^Imagining Global Amsterdam: History, Culture, and Geography in a World City, M. de Waard / Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2012, p. 37., "we had to endure many shameful restrictions imposed by those proud heathens. We may not celebrate Sundays or other festivities, we may not sing religious songs or speak our prayers; we never pronounce the name of Christ, nor may we carry around the image of the cross or any other symbol of Christianity. In addition we have to endure many other shameful impositions, which are very painful to a sensitive heart. The only reason which induces the Dutch to live so patiently with all these pains is the pure and simple love for profit and for the costly marrow of the Japanese mountains. (1964, 72)". Kämpfer, Engelbert. Geschichte und Beschreibung von Japan. Vol. 2. Stuttgart: Brockhaus, 1964. p. 72
^ abGulliver’s Travels, Japan and Engelbert Kaempfer, Bodart-Bailey Beatrice M, Otsuma journal of comparative culture, Vol. 22, pp. 75-100, "Even though the Dutch argued that they assisted the Japanese in political rather than religious strife, the event was much condemned by other European nations. "
^"Dr. John Francis Gemelli Careri, Voyage Round the World, 1700, Book IV, Chapter II, p. 291. "making no scruple for their Interest to trample the Holy Image of Christ, which the English refus’d to do.”