Hoc templum a Vitruvio in libro De architectura "aedes Minervae dorica quae est Athenis in arce" appellatur,[1] et haud dissimiliter Ampelius "Athenis Minervae aedes nobilis,"[2] sed Plinius maior nomine ablativo Parthenone utitur,[3]Straboque, qui eodem fere aevo ac Vitruvius Graece scripsit lectoribusque Romanis Geographiam suam obtulit, "Parthenonem in Acropoli dea Athena aedificatum" appellat.[4][t 1]
Litteris Graecissaeculi quinti et quarti a.C.n. aedificium simpliciter appellatur ὁ νεὼς ὁ μέγας[5][t 2] 'templum magnum' seu τὸ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς ἕδος[6]scil. "aedes Athenae". Demosthenes, oratorsaeculi quarti a.C.n., primus verbum "Parthenon" ad omne templum nuncupandum usurpavit in aedificiorum Atheniensium enumeratione, "haec Propylaea, Parthenon, porticús, navalia."[7]MnesiclesCallicratesque architecti dicuntur appellavisse aedificium Ἑκατόμπεδον "Hecatompedum", scil. "aedificium centum pedibus longum", in commentario de architectura Athenarum nunc deperdito:[8][t 3] sic rectius appellatum erat templum antiquius eodem loco constructum. Haud dissimiliter Plutarchus, scriptor saeculi primi exeuntis, aedificium nominavit ἑκατόμπεδος Παρθενών "Hecatompedus Parthenon", ut qui diceret "cella virginis centum pedibus longa".[9][t 4]
"Parthenon," nomen enim Graecum usitatissimum, e verbo communi Graeco παρθενώνparthenon 'conclave [domo] virginum' deducitur, et quod ad hoc aedificium attinet, singulum ut videtur templi cellam denotavit.[10] Eruditi disceptant de cuius cellae "παρθενών" nomen fuisset (vide infra) et quomodo ea cella tale nomen accepisset. Jeffrey M. Hurwit adfirmat παρθενών nomen meruisse quia pallium Athenae feriis Panathenaicis oblatum ab arrephoris tectum fuisse, grege quattuor puellarum quotannis electarum ut Athenae servirent.[11]
Epitheton παρθένος (verbum commune Graecum cuius etymologia ignota est)[12]significavit 'puella, virgo, femina non iam nupta',[13] et praecipue pro Artemide adhibitum est, deaanimalium ferorum, venationis, herbarumque, ac pro Athena, dea artis belli gerendi, proelii pugnandi, artificiorumque et rationum humanarum. Aliqui putant nomen templi virgines (παρθένοι) cuius sacrificium supremum salutem urbis praestaret,[14] nonnulli autem 'templum deae virginis', scilicet Athenae Partheni significavisse.[15]
Origo et ratio
Aedificium ipsum antiquiori Athenae templo successit, ab historicis recentibus appellatum Parthenonem Antiquiorem, aut post incursum Persicum anni 490 a.C.n. (imperatore Dario) inceptum aut paulo antea. Id templum, Athenae Partheno dicatum, "hecatompedum" (scil. centum pedibus longum) nuncupatum neque unquam perfectum, anno 480 a.C.n. in incursu altero, imperatore Xerxe, cum aliis Acropolis aedificiis deletum est. Locus deinde ruinosus iecit usque ad annum circiter 450 a.C.n. Pace inter Graecos et Persas hoc anno foedere Calliae nuncupato compacta licuit rursus Acropolim restituere. Quam rem, Atheniensibus e contributis sociorum Deliorum divitibus factis, Pericles civium Athenarum eis annis princeps mox incepit. Omnibus aedificiis a Pericle susceptis artifex Phidias praepositus est, videlicet Propylaeis, Erechtheo, templisque Victoriae "involucris" et Athenae Partheni. Ille ipse simulacrum Athenaechryselephantinum designavit, quod intra Parthenonem staturum erat, sed architecti Ictinus et Callicrates aedificium Parthenonem erigere curaverunt.[9][t 4]
Dea GraecaAthena (cui Minerva apud Romanos respondet) a civitate Atheniensium patrona semper recepta est. Mythos originis Athenarum de disputatione Athenae et Posidonis, dei maris, explicat: hic enim protectionem maris civitati obtulit, illa olivam quae summa Acropoli floruit. Veneratio autem civica non Athenae Partheno sed Athenae Poliadi obferebatur, cui templum proprium, stylo archaico constructum, ad orientalem partem Acropolis iam dicatum erat.
Sicut plurima templa Graeca, aedificium pro aerario fuit. Ab initio contributiones Foederis Delii ibi congestae sunt, quod deinde hegemonia sive "Imperium Athenaeum" habetur. Iam enim Naxii et Thasii, qui a foedere decedere voluerant, ab Atheniensibus vi subiecti sunt; iam anno 454 a.C.n. aerarium ab initio in insula Delo constitutum Athenas remotum erat, quo thesauro utentes Athenienses marmor a Monte Pentelico apportaverunt Parthenonemque et effigiem deae Athenae construxerunt. Quod simulacrum chryselephantinum talanta auri quadraginta continuit.[5][t 2][16]
Descriptio
Aedificium est octostylicum et peripterale, ordinem Doricum sequens sed elementis nonnullis ionicis. Stylobates qui templum subfert 69.5 metris longus, 30.9 metris latus extendit, latitudine octo columnas e marmore Pentelico sculptas tenens, longitudine septendecim. Structura interior cellarum 29.8 metris longa, 19.2 metris lata fuit, columnis interioribus viginti et tribus ad tectum supportandum dispositis. Columnae exteriores doricae quadraginta et sex 10.4 metris surgunt; plurimae 1.9 metris diametrantur, sed quattuor earum, ad angulos positae, admodum largiores sunt. Stylobates longitudine suo levissime decurvatur, extremitatibus orientali et occidentali 60 millimetris submissis, et latitudine paulo maius, pedibus boreali et australi 110 millimetris submissis.
Metopae nonaginta et duo inter capita columnarum videbantur. Ibi sculptae sunt Gigantomachia ad faciem orientalem, Centauromachia ad meridiem versus, Amazonomachia ad faciem occidentalem et (si ea quae supersunt recte interpretantur) Bellum Troianum ad boream versus. Metopae nonnullae in Museo Acropolis Novo videntur, aliae in Museo Britannico, sed multae deperditae sunt. Quinque metopae anno 2011 in muro exteriori Acropolis repertae sunt.
Series protyporum, olim ad parietem cellarum exteriorem adfixorum, pompam feriis Panathenaicis quadrennibus conductam exprimere censetur. Protypi partim Londinii, partim Athenis visitantur.
In templo proprio, id est intra columnas quae formam aedificii exteriorem effingunt, cellae quattuor parietibus inter se distinctae sunt, scilicet "pronaus" ad introitum orientalem, iuxta quem "naus hecatompedus" proprie dictus, et in intima parte παρθενών "parthenon" proprie dictus. Ultra parthenonem, ad occidentem versus, iecit "opisthodomus" sive thesaurus ubi aurum Foederis Delii reconditum est. Nomina cellarum ita enumerata adfirmant multi, inter quos Iacobus Georgius Frazer[17] auctoresque lexici Graeco-Anglici usitatissimi.[10] Intra templum stetit simulacrum chryselephantinum Athenae Partheni a Phidia sculptum, anno 439 aut 438 dicatum.
Quibus in templum quod "Parthenon" dicitur adveniunt omnia quae in pedimento videntur ad nativitatem Athenae pertinent, sed quae ultra sunt ad contentionem Posidonis contra Athenam de Attica. Simulacrum ex eburno et auro conficitur. Imago Sphingis in casside deae iacet, et ad ambo latera capitis grypes faciuntur.?Aristeas Proconnesius epicus auctor est hos grypes de auro bellum gerere cum Arimaspis (qui ultra Issedones habitant); aurum quod grypes defendunt e terra gigni; Arimaspi homines esse monoculos a nativitate; grypes autem animalia esse leonibus similia, sed alis munita et oribus aquilarum. Talia de grypibus sufficiet. Athena chryselephantina recta sistit, tunica talari induta, capite Medusaeeburneo ad pectus insculpto. Victoriam habet octo fere pedibus altam, manuque lanceam. Iuxta deae pedes clipeus iacet et prope clipeum draco qui Erichthonius sit. Ad plinthum simulacri nativitas Pandorae effingitur. Hesiodus aliique hanc Pandoram mulierem primam fuisse cantant: Pandorá enim nondum natá gentem femineam non exsistere. Scio me principum Romanorum imaginem Hadriani solam ibi vidisse, et ad introitum Iphicratis, qui res admirabiles multas fecit.[18][t 5]
↑Christopher Pelling adfirmat Athenam Parthenum constituisse separatum Athenae cultum, arte cum cultu Athenae Poliadis conectum; investigationes ostentavisse aediculam aramque quandam quae antecessit Parthenoni Antiquiori postea in septentrionali Parthenonis ala curiose incorporatam (1997:169). Confer etiam "Parthenon" in Encyclopaedia Britannica (2002 &c). [Situs venalis].
Holtzman, Bernard. 2003. L'Acropole d'Athènes: Monuments, Cultes et Histoire du sanctuaire d'Athèna Polias. Lutetiae: Picard. ISBN 2708406876. (Francogallice).
Hurwit, Jeffrey M. 2000. The Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521428343. (Anglice).
Woodford, Susan. 1981. The Parthenon. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521226295. (Anglice).
De sculpturis
A Guide to the Sculptures of the Parthenon in the British Museum.1908. Londinii. (Anglice)Textus.
Connelly, Joan B. 1996. Parthenon and Parthenoi: A Mythological Interpretation of the Parthenon Frieze. American Journal of Archaeology 100(1):53. (Anglice)JSTOR.
Neils, Jenifer, ed. Worshipping Athena: Panathenaia and Parthenon. Madison: Wisconsin University Press. ISBN 0-299-15110-7. (Anglice)
Pelling, Christopher. 1997. Tragedy and Religion: Constructs and Readings. In Greek Tragedy and the Historian. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198149875. (Anglice)
De contextu historico et archaeologico
Hurwit, Jeffrey M. 2005. The Parthenon and the Temple of Zeus at Olympia. In Periklean Athens and Its Legacy: Problems and Perspectives, edd. Judith M. Barringer, Jeffrey M. Hurwit, et Jerome Jordan Pollitt. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292706227. (Anglice)
Whitley, James. 2001. The Archaeology of Democracy: Classical Athens. In The Archaeology of Ancient Greece. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521627338. (Anglice)
De statu hodierno
Greek Premier Says New Acropolis Museum to Boost Bid for Parthenon Sculptures. 2006. Textus. International Herald Tribune, 9 Octobris. (Anglice)
Talks Due on Elgin Marbles Return. 2007. Textus. BBC News, 21 Aprilis. (Anglice)
Τουρνικιώτης, Π., ed. 1994. Ο Παρθενώνας και η ακτινοβολία του στα νεώτερα χρόνια. Athenis: Μέλισσα. ISBN 9602040203. (Neograece)
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