Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Alkaloid

Rencana ini mengenai kelas sebatian kimia. Untuk syarikat farmaseutikal, sila lihat Alkaloid (syarikat).
Alkaloid individual pertama, morfina, diasingkan pada 1804 daripada popi (Papaver somniferum).[1]

Alkaloid ialah sekumpulan sebatian kimia yang terjadi secara semula jadi yang kebanyakannya mengandungi atom nitrogen bes. Kumpulan ini juga mengandungi sesetengah sebatian berkaitan dengan ciri neutral[2] dan juga ciri asid lemak.[3] Sesetengah sebatian sintetik dengan struktur serupa juga dianggap sebagai alkaloid.[4] Sebagai tambahan kepada karbon, hidrogen dan nitrogen, alkaloid juga boleh mengandungi oksigen, belerang dan lebih jarang unsur lain seperti klorin, bromin, dan fosforus.[5]

Lihat juga

Nota

Rujukan

  1. ^ Andreas Luch (2009). Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology. Springer. m/s. 20. ISBN 3-7643-8335-6.
  2. ^ IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (The "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997) ISBN 0-9678550-9-8 doi:10.1351/goldbook
  3. ^ R. H. F. Manske. The Alkaloids. Chemistry and Physiology. Volume VIII. – New York: Academic Press, 1965, p. 673
  4. ^ Robert Alan Lewis. Lewis' dictionary of toxicology. CRC Press, 1998, p. 51 ISBN 1-56670-223-2
  5. ^ Chemical Encyclopedia: alkaloids. xumuk.ru

Bibliografi

  • Aniszewski, Tadeusz (2007). Alkaloids – secrets of life. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-52736-3.
  • Begley, Tadhg P. (2009). Encyclopedia of Chemical Biology. Wiley. doi:10.1002/cbic.200900262. ISBN 978-0-471-75477-0.
  • Brossi, Arnold (1989). The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Pharmacology. Academic Press.
  • Dewick, Paul M (2002). Medicinal Natural Products. A Biosynthetic Approach. Second Edition. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-49640-5.
  • Fattorusso, E. and Taglialatela-Scafati, O. (2008). Modern Alkaloids: Structure, Isolation, Synthesis and Biology. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-31521-5.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Grinkevich NI Safronich LN (1983). The chemical analysis of medicinal plants: Proc. allowance for pharmaceutical universities. M.
  • Hesse, Manfred (2002). Alkaloids: Nature's Curse or Blessing?. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-906390-24-6.
  • Knunyants, IL (1988). Chemical Encyclopedia. Soviet Encyclopedia.
  • Orekhov, AP (1955). Chemistry alkaloids (ed. Acad. 2). M.: USSR.
  • Plemenkov, VV (2001). Introduction to the Chemistry of Natural Compounds. Kazan.
  • Saxton, J. E. (1971). The Alkaloids. A Specialist Periodical Report. London: The Chemical Society.
  • Veselovskaya, N. B., Kovalenko, A.E (2000). Drugs. Moscow: Triada-X.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Wink, M (2009). "Mode of action and toxicology of plant toxins and poisonous plants". Mitt. Julius Kühn-Inst. 421: 93–112. Dicapai pada 18 March 2014.

Templat:Alkaloid

Templat:Pautan RB

Read other articles:

2309 Містер Спок

2309 Містер СпокВідкриттяВідкривач Джеймс ҐібсонМісце відкриття Астрономічний комплекс Ель-ЛеонсітоДата відкриття 16 серпня 1971ПозначенняНазвана на честь СпокТимчасові позначення 1971 QX1 1935 SN1 1948 EJ1 1956 TL 1974 CU 1977 SF3Категорія малої планети Астероїд головного поясуОрбітальні ха

 

Fousing (parochie)

Fousing Parochie van Denemarken Situering Bisdom Bisdom Viborg Gemeente Struer Coördinaten 56°27'34NB, 8°30'17OL Algemeen Inwoners (2007) 390 Leden Volkskerk (2007) 366 Overig Kerken Fousing Kirke Proosdij Struer Provsti Pastoraat Ølby-Asp-Fousing Foto's Portaal    Denemarken Fousing is een parochie van de Deense Volkskerk in de Deense gemeente Struer. De parochie maakt deel uit van het bisdom Viborg en telt 366 kerkleden op een bevolking van 390 (2007). Tot 1970 was de parochie...

 

Salticidae

Salticidae Evarcha arcuataClassification WSC Règne Animalia Embranchement Arthropoda Sous-embr. Chelicerata Classe Arachnida Ordre Araneae Sous-ordre Araneomorphae FamilleSalticidaeBlackwall, 1841 Les Salticidae sont une famille de petites araignées aranéomorphes[1]. Elles sont communément appelées araignées sauteuses, salticides ou saltiques. Il s'agit de la famille d’araignées la plus diversifiée, contenant plus de 670 genres et 6 500 espèces décrites[1]. Les Salt...

Pterocymbium

Pterocymbium Kelumbuk, Pterocymbium tinctoriumdari Hurun, Padang Cermin, Pesawaran Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Plantae (tanpa takson): Angiospermae (tanpa takson): Eudikotil (tanpa takson): Rosids Ordo: Malvales Famili: Malvaceae Tribus: Sterculioideae Genus: PterocymbiumR.Br., 1844[1] Sinonim Clompanus Rumph. ex Kuntze, 1891 Pterocymbium adalah genus sejenis pohon besar anggota famili Malvaceae, anaksuku Sterculioideae (sebelumnya, suku Sterculiaceae). Pohon penghasil kayu yang ring...

 

Hot Creek (Mono County)

River in California, United StatesHot CreekSteam from geothermal springs rise above Hot CreekLocationCountryUnited StatesStateCaliforniaCountyMonoPhysical characteristicsSource  • locationTwin Lakes • coordinates37°37′05″N 119°00′28″W / 37.61806°N 119.00778°W / 37.61806; -119.00778[1] • elevation8,563 ft (2,610 m) Mouth  • locationOwens River • c...

 

Martial law in Ukraine

Legal concept in Ukrainian law The legal basis for the introduction of martial law in Ukraine (Ukrainian: Воєнний стан в Україні) is the Constitution of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine On the legal status of martial law (No. 389-VIII from May 12, 2015[1]) and presidential decrees about the introduction of martial law. Modern-day martial law has been introduced two times in Ukraine. The Constitution of Ukraine allows for some specific restrictions on rights and freedoms ...

ماري القروية

ماري القروية Мужик Марей معلومات الكتاب المؤلف فيودور دوستويفسكي البلد  روسيا اللغة لغة روسية تاريخ النشر 1876 السلسلة مذكرات كاتب النوع الأدبي قصة قصيرة تعديل مصدري - تعديل   ماري القروية (بالروسية: Мужик Марей) قصة قصيرة من تأليف الكاتب الروسي فيودور دوستويفسكي. كتب د�...

 

The Unspeakable Act

2012 American filmThe Unspeakable ActTheatrical release posterDirected byDan SallittWritten byDan SallittProduced byShari BermanAnia TrzebiatowskaJaime ChristleyStarring Tallie Medel Sky Hirschkron Aundrea Fares Kati Schwartz Caroline Luft CinematographyDuraid MunajimEdited byDan SallittProductioncompanyStatic ProductionsDistributed byThe Cinema GuildRelease dates April 19, 2012 (2012-04-19) (Sarasota) March 1, 2013 (2013-03-01) (United States) Running ti...

 

Лисички (станція)

Лисички Куток — ГомельНовобілицька — Кравцовка Гомельське відділенняБілоруська залізниця станціяРозташуванняРозташування  БілорусьГомельська областьАдреса Гомельський районКоординати 52°23′00″ пн. ш. 31°03′54″ сх. д. / 52.38333° пн. ш. 31.06500°...

List of current and former Super League venues

The following is a list of current and former Super League venues. Stadiums A total of 36 home venues have been used by Super League clubs since the competition's inception in 1996, while clubs have also occasionally opted to play 'On the Road' matches away from their regular home venue. Stadium Club Location Opened Closed Demolished Capacity Belle Vue Wakefield Trinity Wakefield, West Yorkshire 1878 12,600 The Boulevard Hull Hull, East Yorkshire 1895 2009 2010 10,500 Boundary Park Oldham Old...

 

Kuda

Kuda Equus ferus caballus TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasMammaliaOrdoPerissodactylaFamiliEquidaeGenusEquusSpesiesEquus ferusSubspesiesEquus ferus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 Tata namaSinonim taksonEquus caballus (en) ProtonimEquus caballus lbs Kuda Juga digunakan untuk olahraga Kuda (Equus caballus atau us ferus caballus) adalah salah satu dari sepuluh spesies modern mamalia dari genus Equus. Sejak dahulu hewan ini merupakan salah satu hewan peliharaan yang berfungsi secara ekonomis d...

 

Guinness Foreign Extra Stout

Stout produced by the Guinness Brewery Guinness Foreign Extra StoutTypeStoutManufacturerDiageoCountry of origin IrelandIntroduced1801Alcohol by volume 7.5 (varies)ColourDeep Ruby RedFlavourRoasted malt, dark cherries, diacetyl[1]IngredientsGrain, water, hops and yeast[2]VariantsGuinness Extra Smooth[3]WebsiteForeign Extra Stout Guinness Foreign Extra Stout bottle label until 2005Guinness Foreign Extra Stout (FES) is a stout produced by the Guinness Brewery, a...

شاطئ الأطفال الضائعين

شاطئ الأطفال الضائعين (بالفرنسية: La Plage des enfants perdus)‏  الصنف فيلم دراما  تاريخ الصدور 1991 مدة العرض 88 دقيقة البلد  المغرب اللغة الأصلية لهجة مغربية الطاقم المخرج جيلالي فرحاتي سيناريو الجيلالي فرحاتي  البطولة سعاد فرحاتي، فاكمة الوكيلي، محمد تيمود، العربي اليعقوبي...

 

Matthew Maty

Dutch physician and writer Matthew Maty Matthew Maty (17 May 1718 – 2 July 1776), originally Matthieu Maty, was a Dutch physician and writer of Huguenot background, and after migration to England secretary of the Royal Society and the second principal librarian of the British Museum. Early life The son of Paul Maty, he was born at Montfoort, near Utrecht, the Netherlands, on 17 May 1718. His father was a Protestant refugee from Beaufort, Provence; he settled in the Dutch Republic and became...

 

Mangalagiri Assembly constituency

Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India MangalagiriConstituency No. 87 for the Andhra Pradesh Legislative AssemblyLocation of Mangalagiri Assembly constituency within Andhra PradeshConstituency detailsCountryIndiaRegionSouth IndiaStateAndhra PradeshDistrictGunturLS constituencyGunturEstablished1952Total electors268,429ReservationNoneMember of Legislative Assembly15th Andhra Pradesh Legislative AssemblyIncumbent Alla Ramakrishna Reddy Party  YSRCPElected year20...

Coldzera

Brazilian esports player This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Col...

 

James M. Holmes

United States Air Force general James M. HolmesGeneral James M. Holmes in 2020Nickname(s)MikeBorn (1957-04-12) April 12, 1957 (age 66)AllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States Air ForceYears of service1981–2020RankGeneralCommands heldAir Combat Command455th Air Expeditionary Wing4th Fighter Wing14th Operations Group27th Fighter SquadronBattles/warsWar in AfghanistanAwardsAir Force Distinguished Service Medal (2)Defense Superior Service MedalLegion of Merit (2)Bronze Star ...

 

List of closed railway stations in Melbourne

Melbourne rail network Metropolitan lines Alamein Belgrave Glen Waverley Lilydale Cranbourne Pakenham Hurstbridge Mernda Craigieburn Sunbury Upfield Flemington Racecourse Frankston Werribee Williamstown Sandringham Non-electrified metropolitan lines Stony Point  Deer Park–West Werribee  Under construction Metro Tunnel Suburban Rail Loop Melbourne Airport Level Crossing Removal Project Other City Loop • List of stations • List of closed stations • Freight railways • Propose...

Lục địa Á-Âu

Đừng nhầm lẫn với Kênh 1 Eurasia. Xem thêm: Mảng Á-Âu, châu Á, châu Âu, Lục địa Phi-Á Âu, và Australasia Diện tích53.990.000 km²Dân số4.600.000.000Mật độ dân số85,2Quốc gia92Phụ thuộc4Múi giờUTC-1 (Açores)UTC+12 (Nga) Lục địa Á-Âu hay Lục địa Âu-Á (còn được viết là đại lục Á-Âu hay đại lục Âu-Á) là một khu vực đất đai rộng lớn, bao gồm châu Âu và châu Á. Phần lớn nằm ở Đông v�...

 

Robert Sean Leonard

Robert Sean Leonard nel 2007 Robert Sean Leonard, pseudonimo di Robert Lawrence Leonard[1] (Westwood, 28 febbraio 1969), è un attore statunitense, conosciuto per il ruolo di James Wilson nella serie televisiva Dr. House - Medical Division e per aver interpretato il ruolo di Neil Perry ne L'attimo fuggente, al fianco di Robin Williams. Nel 2001 ha vinto il Tony Award per l'interpretazione nell'opera teatrale The Invention of Love. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Filmografia 2.1 Cinema 2.2 Televi...

 
Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya