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Disiplin akademik

Disiplin akademik atau bidang akademik merupakan cawangan pengetahuan. Ia menggabungkan kepakaran, orang, projek, komuniti, cabaran, kajian, penyelidikan, dan bidang penyelidikan yang sangat berkaitan dengan bidang subjek skolastik atau jabatan kolej yang diberikan. Sebagai contoh, cawangan sains biasanya dirujuk sebagai disiplin saintifik, mis. fizik, matematik, dan biologi.[1]

Individu yang dikaitkan dengan disiplin akademik biasanya dirujuk sebagai pakar atau pakar. Yang lain, yang mungkin telah mempelajari teori liberal atau teori sistem dan bukannya menumpukan perhatian dalam disiplin akademik tertentu, diklasifikasikan sebagai umum.[2]

Walaupun disiplin akademik dalam dan dari diri mereka adalah lebih kurang fokus amalan, pendekatan ilmiah seperti multidisiplin/interdisiplin, transdisiplin, dan disiplinariti menyatukan aspek dari pelbagai disiplin akademik, oleh itu menangani sebarang masalah yang mungkin timbul dari kepekatan sempit dalam bidang pengajian khusus . Sebagai contoh, profesional mungkin mengalami masalah berkomunikasi merentasi disiplin akademik kerana perbezaan bahasa atau konsep yang ditentukan.[3]

Rujukan

  1. ^ Jacques Revel (2003). "21". Dalam Porter, Theodore; Ross, Dorothy (penyunting). Cambridge History of Science: The Modern Social Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 391–404. ISBN 0521594421.
  2. ^ "How The Word 'Scientist' Came To Be". npr.org. National Public Radio. Dicapai pada November 3, 2014.
  3. ^ Cohen, E; Lloyd, S. "Disciplinary Evolution and the Rise of Transdiscipline" (PDF). Informing Science: the International Journal of an Emerging Transdiscipline.

Bacaan lanjut

  • Abbott, A. (1988). The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor, University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-00069-5
  • Augsburg, T. (2005), Becoming Interdisciplinary: An Introduction to Interdisciplinary Studies.
  • Dogan, M. & Pahre, R. (1990). "The fate of formal disciplines: from coherence to dispersion." In Creative Marginality: Innovation at the Intersections of Social Sciences. Boulder, CO: Westview. pp. 85–113.
  • Dullemeijer, P. (1980). "Dividing biology into disciplines: Chaos or multiformity?" Journal Acta Biotheoretica, 29(2), 87–93.
  • Fagin, R.; Halpern, J.Y.; Moses, Y. & Vardi, M.Y. (1995). Reasoning about Knowledge, MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-56200-6
  • Gibbons, M.; Limoges, C.; Nowotny, H.; Schwartzman, S.; Scott, P. & Trow, M. (1994). The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies. London: Sage.
  • Golinski, J. (1998/2005). Making Natural Knowledge: Constructivis, and the History of Science. New York: Cambridge University Press. Chapter 2: "Identity and discipline." Part II: The Disciplinary Mold. pp. 66–78.
  • Hicks, D. (2004). "The Four Literatures of Social Science". IN: Handbook of Quantitative Science and Technology Research: The Use of Publication and Patent Statistics in Studies of S&T Systems. Ed. Henk Moed. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
  • Hyland, K. (2004). Disciplinary Discourses: Social Interactions in Academic Writing. New edition. University of Michigan Press/ESL.
  • Klein, J.T. (1990). Interdisciplinarity: History, Theory, and Practice. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
  • Krishnan, Armin (January 2009), What are Academic Disciplines? Some observations on the Disciplinarity vs. Interdisciplinarity debate (PDF), NCRM Working Paper Series, Southampton: ESRC National Centre for Research Methods, dicapai pada 10 September 2017
  • Leydesdorff, L. & Rafols, I. (2008). A global map of science based on the ISI subject categories. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology.
  • Lindholm-Romantschuk, Y. (1998). Scholarly Book Reviewing in the Social Sciences and Humanities: The Flow of Ideas within and among Disciplines. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
  • Martin, B. (1998). Information Liberation: Challenging the Corruptions of Information Power. London: Freedom Press
  • Morillo, F.; Bordons, M. & Gomez, I. (2001). "An approach to interdisciplinarity bibliometric indicators." Scientometrics, 51(1), 203–22.
  • Morillo, F.; Bordons, M. & Gomez, I. (2003). "Interdisciplinarity in science: A tentative typology of disciplines and research areas". Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 54(13), 1237–49.
  • Newell, A. (1983). "Reflections on the structure of an interdiscipline." In Machlup, F. & U. Mansfield (Eds.), The Study of Information: Interdisciplinary Messages. pp. 99–110. NY: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Pierce, S.J. (1991). "Subject areas, disciplines and the concept of authority". Library and Information Science Research, 13, 21–35.
  • Porter, A.L.; Roessner, J.D.; Cohen, A.S. & Perreault, M. (2006). "Interdisciplinary research: meaning, metrics and nurture." Research Evaluation, 15(3), 187–95.
  • Prior, P. (1998). Writing/Disciplinarity: A Sociohistoric Account of Literate Activity in the Academy. Lawrence Erlbaum. (Rhetoric, Knowledge and Society Series)
  • Qin, J.; Lancaster, F.W. & Allen, B. (1997). "Types and levels of collaboration in interdisciplinary research in the sciences." Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 48(10), 893–916.
  • Rinia, E.J.; van Leeuwen, T.N.; Bruins, E.E.W.; van Vuren, H.G. & van Raan, A.F.J. (2002). "Measuring knowledge transfer between fields of science." Scientometrics, 54(3), 347–62.
  • Sanz-Menendez, L.; Bordons, M. & Zulueta, M. A. (2001). "Interdisciplinarity as a multidimensional concept: its measure in three different research areas." Research Evaluation, 10(1), 47–58.
  • Stichweh, R. (2001). "Scientific Disciplines, History of". Smelser, N.J. & Baltes, P.B. (eds.). International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Oxford: Elsevier Science. pp. 13727–31.
  • Szostak, R. (October 2000). Superdisciplinarity: A Simple Definition of Interdisciplinarity With Profound Implications. Association for Integrative Studies, Portland, Oregon. (Meeting presentation)
  • Tengström, E. (1993). Biblioteks- och informationsvetenskapen – ett fler- eller tvärvetenskapligt område? Svensk Biblioteksforskning (1), 9–20.
  • Tomov, D.T. & Mutafov, H.G. (1996). "Comparative indicators of interdisciplinarity in modern science." Scientometrics, 37(2), 267–78.
  • van Leeuwen, T.N. & Tijssen, R.J.W. (1993). "Assessing multidisciplinary areas of science and technology – A synthetic bibliometric study of Dutch nuclear-energy research." Scientometrics, 26(1), 115–33.
  • van Leeuwen, T.N. & Tijssen, R.J.W. (2000). "Interdisciplinary dynamics of modern science: analysis of cross-disciplinary citation flows." Research Evaluation, 9(3), 183–87.
  • Weisgerber, D.W. (1993). "Interdisciplinary searching – problems and suggested remedies – A Report from the ICSTI Group on Interdisciplinary Searching." Journal of Documentation, 49(3), 231–54.
  • Wittrock, B. (2001). "Disciplines, History of, in the Social Sciences." International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, pp. 3721–28. Smeltser, N.J. & Baltes, P.B. (eds.). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

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