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Carvo

Carvo(ne) middenboven op de Peutinger kaart (Tabula Peutingeriana)

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Archeologie

Carvo of Carvone was een Romeinse nederzetting in de provincie Neder-Germanië (Germania Inferior). Het was een grensfort (castellum) aan de Rijn, langs de noordgrens van het Romeinse Rijk; de zogenaamde limes (Latijn voor "grens"). Carvo staat als Carvone vermeld op de Peutinger kaart (Tabula Peutingeriana) tussen Castra Herculis en Levefanum ^[1] en in de Romeinse reisgids Itinerarium Antonini tussen Harenatium (bij Kleef) en Mannaricium (Maurik?).

In meerdere publicaties wordt Carvo geïdentificeerd met een vindplaats aan de noordwestzijde van het hedendaagse Kesteren, op een stroomrug aan de toenmalige zuidelijke oever van de Rijn. Uit archaeologisch onderzoek van het in 1974 in de nabijheid ontdekte militair grafveld bleek dat de eerste overledenen rond het jaar 70 zijn bijgezet, dus rond die tijd moet het fort gebouwd zijn.^[2] Het fort werd dus meteen na de Bataafse Opstand gebouwd. Carvo, Mannaricium, Levefanum en Lugdunum Batavorum (Katwijk-Brittenburg) waren nieuwe versterkingen in de Rijngrens-verdedigingsgordel, de limes. Het grote aantal begraven paarden doet vermoeden dat in Romeins Kesteren een cavalerie-eenheid gestationeerd was. Van het bij het fort gelegen kampdorp (canabae legionis) zijn nog twee grafvelden bekend.

Een andere hypothese is dat de plaatsnaam Carvio (verbogen vorm van Carvium), overgeleverd op een gedenksteen, identiek is aan de plaatsnamen Caruone en Carvo die overgeleverd zijn in respectievelijk de Tabula Peutingeriana en het Itinerarium Antonini. ^[3] Gezien de vindplaats van de gedenksteen, zou Carv(i)o dan gelegen hebben nabij het toenmalige splitsingspunt van Nederrijn en Waal. Op de gedenksteen wordt de begraafplaats van de legionair Marcus Mallius specifiek aangeduid als Carvio ad molem, waarbij molem (letterlijk: massa) zou kunnen duiden op de Drususdam.

Zie ook

Lijst van Latijnse plaatsnamen

Literatuur

Julianus Egidius Bogaers: Kesteren - Carvo. In: Julianus Egidius Bogaers und Christoph B. Rüger: Der Niedergermanische Limes. Materialien zu seiner Geschichte. Rheinland-Verlag, Köln 1974, ISBN 3-7927-0194-4, p. 70f.
Roel C.G.M. Lauwerier and Wilfried A.M. Hessing: Men, horses and the Miss Blanche effect. Roman horse burials in a cemetery at Kesteren, the Netherlands. In: Helinium 32 (1992), p. 78ff.
Saskia G. van Dockum: Das niederländische Flussgebiet. In: Tilmann Bechert und Willem J. H. Willems: Die römische Reichsgrenze zwischen Mosel und Nordseeküste. Theiss, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-8062-1189-2, p. 79f.
Willem J. H. Willems: Romans and Batavians. A Regional Study in the Dutch Eastern River Area. Academisch Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de Letteren aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam. Amersfoort 1986, (online pdf), p. 250

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties

↑ Tabula Peutingeriana
↑ Cultuurwijzer - Neder-Betuwe (Kesteren) - Carvo(ne)
↑ Verhagen, Jan (27 september 2022). Tussen de dam van Drusus en de Zuilen van Hercules: Romeinse waterwerken in de Rijk-Maasdelta. Fagus.

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