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2. egyptiske dynasti

Andre egyptiske dynasti er betegnelsen på faraoene som hersket i oldtidens Egypt fra omkring 2890 f.Kr. og til rundt 2686 f.Kr.[1], det vil si til slutten av tidlig dynastisk tid. Andre dynasti er det siste av to herskerdynastier i den egyptiske arkaiske periode da sentrum for makten var plassert i Thinis. Bortsett fra tiden til dynastiets siste hersker Khasekhemwy er dette mest uklare perioden i oldtidens Egypts historie.

Selv om bevis fra arkeologiske undersøkelser av tidsepoken er meget knappe, sett i kontrast til data fra første og tredje dynasti, er det indikasjoner av betydningsfulle institusjonelle og økonomiske utviklinger i andre dynasti.[2][3]

Monarker

Lite er kjent om dette dynastiet, selv flere av faraoenes navn er usikre. For de første fem faraoer er kildene rimelig enige. Kjente herskere er som følgende:

Navn Regjeringstid
Hotepsekhemwy 25–29[4]
Nebra (kan kanskje identifiseres med Weneg)[5] 10–14
Nynetjer 40
Senedj (kan muligens identifiseres med Horus Sa[6] 20

Identiteten til de neste to eller tre herskerne er uklare og usikre: vi kan ha begge Horus-navnene eller Nebty (i betydningen to fruer)-navnene og deres fødenavn for disse herskerne; de kan også være helt og holdent forskjellige enkeltpersoner; eller de kan være legendariske navn. Til venstre er de herskere som de fleste egyptologer plasserer her; til høyre er navnene som til sist kommer fra Manethos Aegyptica:

Foreslått hersker Manethos liste
Seth-Peribsen Kaires
Nepherkheres
Sekhemib-Perenmaat Sesokhris

Med den siste hersker, er det igjen enighet:

Navn Regjeringstid
Khasekhemwy 17–18

Selv om Manetho hevder at hovedstaden var Thinis, den samme som under første dynasti, ble minst de første tre faraoene gravlagt i Saqqara, noe som antyder at maktens senter hadde flyttet til Memfis. Videre enn dette kan lite bli sagt om hendelsene i denne perioden; de årlige nedtegnelsene på Palermosteinen har kun overlevd for slutten av styret til Nebra og for deler av den til Nynetjer. En viktig hendelse som muligens skjedde under styret til Khasekhemwy: mange egyptologer har lest hans navn («De to makter har oppstått») som et minne om foreningen av Øvre og Nedre Egypt under ham.

Referanser

  1. ^ Shaw, Ian, red. (2000): The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-815034-2. s. 480
  2. ^ Romer, John ([2012] 2013): A History of Ancient Egypt. bind 1. London, Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-8-4614377-9. Kapittel 18 — «The Lost Dynasty», s. 221–222. Sitat: «Whatever else was taking place at the court of the Second Dynasty of kings, it is clear that the fundamental institutions of pharaonic government, its systems of supply, not only survived throughout that century and a half, but flourished to the extent that, when the kings emerge into the light of history again with the pyramid builders of the Third Dynasty, the state on the lower Nile was more efficient than it had ever been: that there was, therefore, strong institutional continuity.»
  3. ^ Bard, Kathryn A. ([2000] 2002): «Chapter 4 — The Emergence of the Egyptian State» i: Shaw, Ian: The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, uinnb., 1. utg. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280293-4. s. 85. Sitat: «There is much less evidence for the kings of the 2nd Dynasty than those of the 1st Dynasty until the last two reigns (Peribsen and Khasekhemwy). Given what is known about the early Old Kingdom in the 3rd Dynasty, the 2nd Dynasty must have been a time when the economic and political foundations were put in place for the strongly centralized state, which developed with truly vast resources. Such a major transition, however, cannot be demonstrated from the archaeological evidence for the 2nd Dynasty.»
  4. ^ Dietrich Wildung (1969). Die Rolle ägyptischer Könige im Bewusstsein ihrer Nachwelt. Teil 1: Posthume Quellen über die Könige der ersten vier Dynastien, Münchener Ägyptologische Studien, Volume 17. Deutscher Kunstverlag. s. 31-33. 
  5. ^ Kahl, Jochem (2007): «Ra is my Lord», Searching for the Rise of the Sun God at the Dawn of Egyptian History, Wiesbaden.
  6. ^ Von der Way, Thomas (1997): «Zur Datierung des "Labyrinth-Gebaudes" auf dem Tell el-Fara'in (Buto)», Göttinger Miszellen 157: 107–111.

Litteratur

  • Björkman, Gun (1981): De gamla egyptierna, Stockholm: Natur och kultur
  • Romer, John ([2012] 2013): A History of Ancient Egypt. London, Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-8-4614377-9.
  • Shaw, Ian, red. (2000): The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-815034-2

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