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Kulmhof

Lastebil brukt til gassing i Kulmhof

Kulmhof (polsk: Chełmno) var en tysk utryddelsesleir i Polen under andre verdenskrig. Den lå 70 km fra Łódź, nær den lille landsbyen Chełmno nad Nerem (Kulmhof an der Nehr på tysk). Dette opprinnelige polske området var blitt annektert av Tyskland etter invasjonen av Polen i 1939, som en del av Reichsgau Wartheland. Chełmno var den første utryddelsesleiren. Leiren ble åpnet i 1941 for å myrde jøder fra Łódź-ghettoen og Warthegau, og var den første leiren der det ble brukt giftgass for å drepe mennesker.

Minst 152 000 mennesker ble drept i leiren, [1] først og fremst jøder fra Łódź-gettoen og de omkringliggende områdene. Dessuten ble det drept sigøynere fra det øvrige Polen, ungarske jøder, polakker, tsjekkere og sovjetiske krigsfanger.

Oppbygging

Dette drapssenteret bestod av en ubrukt godseiendom i småbyen Chełmno (som under den tyske okkupasjonen het Kulmhof), og en stor skogåpning omtrent 4 km nordvest for Kulmhof på østsiden av veien til Koło. Disse stedene var kjent som Schlosslager (slottsleir) og Waldlager (skogsleir).[2]

På godset stod det et stort hus med mottagelseskontorer, rom for avkledning og rom for lagring av verdisaker. SS, politistaben og vaktene hadde hus i andre bygninger i byen.[3]

Eiendommen var omgitt av et høyt tregjerde. Skogsleiren, som hadde plass til massegraver, var stengt av på samme måte. Leiren bestod av tre deler: administrasjonsseksjon, brakker, lager for stjålne eiendeler og en gravleggings-/kremasjonseksjon.

Leirens operasjoner

Mordechaï Podchlebnik var en av få som overlevde Kulmhof (Chełmno). Han ble intervjuet av Claude Lanzmann til Shoah.

Leiren var operativ fra 7. desember 1941 til april 1943 da den ble stengt og godset sprengt. Den ble satt i gang igjen og stengt nok en gang i løpet av 1944. Drapene i Kulmhof ble utført av en SS-kommando kalt «Sonderkommando Kulmhof» som gasset mennesker med eksos og brente dem. Det ble benyttet en lastebil til gassingen.

SS og politiet utførte drapene i Kulmhof på oppdrag av Höhere SS und Polizeiführer for Reichsgau Wartheland, SS-General Wilhelm Koppe. Koppe utnevnte SS-kaptein Herbert Lange fra SIPO i Poznan som leder for spesialenheten i Chelmno. Lange ble erstattet i april 1942 av SS-kaptein Hans Bothmann. Langen og noen av hans medoffiserer hadde erfaringer med massedrap på institusjonaliserte polakker i 1940. Under ledelse av SIPO- og SD-offiserer bestod medlemmene av Sonderkommando Lange (senere kalt Sonderkommando Bothmann av Gestapo), KRIPO- og ORPO-personell. Den maksimale styrken til Sonderkommandoen var rett under under, ut av hvilke 80 tilhørte ORPO.

Referanser

  1. ^ https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/chelmno
  2. ^ Alan Heath The Nazi Death Camp at Chełmno nad Ner http://youtube.com/watch?v=eOrSv8iN5GU
  3. ^ Alan Heath Chelmno, the route of death http://youtube.com/watch?v=wiJFXp7o1gI

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