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596 (teste nuclear)

Maquete da bomba

596 ou Projeto 596, (Miss Qiu (em chinês: 邱小姐, Qiū Xiǎojiě)) é o codinome do primeiro teste nuclear da República Popular da China, detonado em 16 de outubro de 1964, sendo o motivo de festa do exército daquela nação, como também pegou de surpresa os Estados Unidos e a União Soviética.[1]

Era um dispositivo de fissão por implosão de urânio-235 feito de urânio para armas (U-235) enriquecido em uma usina de difusão gasosa em Lanzhou.[2][3][4]

A bomba atômica fazia parte do programa "Duas Bombas, Um Satélite" da China. Ela tinha um rendimento de 22 quilotons, comparável à primeira bomba nuclear RDS-1 da União Soviética em 1949 e à bomba americana Fat Man lançada em Nagasaki, Japão em 1945. Com o teste, a China se tornou a quinta potência nuclear no mundo e a primeira nação asiática a possuir capacidade nuclear. Este foi o primeiro de 45 testes nucleares bem-sucedidos que a China conduziu entre 1964 e 1996, todos ocorridos no local de teste Lop Nur.[2][3][4]

História

A China começou a estudar e desenvolver armas nucleares a partir da década de 1950 sendo por causa da crença do presidente da China que sem uma arma nuclear a China não seria levada a sério como potência nuclear por outras e também estaria a mercê de chantagem nuclear por parte de outras nações principalmente pelos Estados Unidos.

A União Soviética estava ajudando a China lhes dando geradores de processamento de urânio, cíclotrons até que as suas relações foram rompidas nas décadas de 50-60 porém a China continuou o seu programa e se esforçou ainda mais com o teste francês Gerboise Bleue de 60 quilotons.

A China usou urânio pois era mais fácil enriquecê-lo do que produzir plutônio. O plutônio possui rendimento menor porém sem uma fonte de nêutrons originária da fissão é impossível produzi-lo.[5] Três anos depois a China detonou a sua primeira bomba termonuclear.

Especificações

  • Horário: 07h00 GMT de 16 de outubro de 1964
  • Local: local de teste Lop Nur, 40° 48′ 45″ N, 89° 47′ 24″ L, cerca de 70 km a noroeste do lago seco Lop Nor[6]
  • Tipo de teste e altura: Torre, 102 metros
  • Rendimento: 22 quilotons

Ver também

Referências

  1. ↑ «70 anos da bomba atômica no Japão - Portal NippoBrasil». www.nippo.com.br. Consultado em 19 de julho de 2016 
  2. ↑ a b Fravel, Taylor. Active Defense: China's Military Strategy Since 1949. [S.l.: s.n.] p. 254. ISBN 9780691152134 
  3. ↑ a b Bukharin, Oleg; Podvig, Pavel Leonardovich; Hippel, Frank Von (2004). Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. MIT Press. p. 441. ISBN 9780262661812.
  4. ↑ a b "16 October 1964 – First Chinese nuclear test: CTBTO Preparatory Commission". www.ctbto.org. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
  5. ↑ «Explicação sumária sobre por que o plutônio é mais usado - Reddit». www.reddit.com. Consultado em 21 de setembro de 2017 
  6. ↑ Communist China's Weapons Program for Strategic Attack, NIE 13-8-71 (Top Secret, declassified June 2004), Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C., 1971.

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