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Dinastia Taungû

Mapa do reino em 1580, durante o período de máxima expansão

A Dinastia Toungou (ou Taungû) foi das mais potentes da História de Mianmar. Reinou sob o segundo Império birmanês entre 1510 e 1752, quando foi derrubada pelos Môns do Pegú. A dinastia Konbaung sucedeu-lhe quase imediatamente.

História

O rei Mingyinyo (Minkyinyo, 1486-1531) criou a primeira dinastia Toungou (1486-1599) na cidade do mesmo nome (Taungû, ou Kaytumadi), no fim da dinastia de Ava. Depois da conquista de Ava pelos Shans em 1527, muitos birmaneses emigraram para Taungû, que transformou-se em novo centro político. Nos anos que seguiram, Mingyinyo submeteu uma partes dos povos shans.

O seu filho, o rei Tabinshwehti (1531-1550), consolidou o seu poder, unificando a maior parte de Birmânia. Estendeu-o para o sul, apoderando-se do delta doIrrawaddy e esmagando os Môns do Pegú. Em 1544, fez-se coroar rei de toda a Birmânia na antiga capital Bagan, pegando de essa maneira simbolicamente a sucessão do Reino de Pagan (849-1287). Nessa época, a situação geopolítica da Ásia do Sul-Este tinha mudado de maneira importante. Os Siameses tinham criado novo reino à volta de Ayutthaya, enquanto os portugueses, no sul, tinham-se apoderado de Malacca. Com a chegada dos comerciantes europeus, a Birmânia transformou-se em importante centro de comercio e Tabinshwehti transferiu sua capital para Pegu, situada estrategicamente para o comércio. Começou a juntar uma armada para atacar o estado costeiro de Arracão. Foi repelido mais, conseguiu controlar a Baixa-Birmânia até Prome. Em retirando-se a sua armada atacou o reino de Ayutthaya, contra o qual conheceu também a desfeita. Tentou outra vez de apoderar-se de Ava, mas não conseguiu. Um período de perturbações seguiu entre os povos conquistados e Tabinshwehti foi assassinado em 1551.

Seu cunhado Bayinnaung sucedeu-lhe no trono. Seu reino de 30 anos foi marcado por muitas conquistas, notavelmente a de Manipur (1560) e de Ayutthaya (1569). Homem enérgico e bom general, Bayinnaung fez do seu reino o mais potente da Ásia do Sul-Este, estendendo as suas fronteiras do Laos a Ayutthaya. Mas estas guerras esgotaram seus recursos económicos, e Manipur como Ayutthaya, que ficaram sob dominação birmanesa durante 15 anos, voltaram à independência. Bayinnaung estava resolvido a atacar de maneira decisiva o estado de Arracão, quando morreu, em 1581. Seu filho Nandabayin e seus sucessores tiveram que lutar contra rebeliões em outras partes do reino e a vitória sobre Arracão nunca aconteceu.

Lutando contra a revolta de várias cidades e as incursões dos portugueses (cf. Filipe de Brito e Nicote ou Salvador Ribeiro de Sousa), a dinastia retirou-se do sul da Birmânia e fundou de novo a dinastia de Ava, com o nome de dinastia Nyaungyan, ou Dinastia Toungou restaurada (1597-1752). Um neto de Bayinnaung, Anaukpetlun (1605-1628), reunificou de novo a Birmânia em 1613 e repeliu definitivamente as tentativas portuguesas de apoderar-se do país, mas o seu império desagregou-se progressivamente. A dinastia sobreviveu mais um século e meio, até a morte de Mahadammayaza em 1752, mas não dominou nunca mais toda a Birmânia. Um dos sucessores de Anaukpeitlun, Thalun (1629-1648) restabeleceu os princípios do antigo Reino de Pagan, mas concentrou seus esforços nos aspectos religiosos e descuidou-se do sul do Reino. Animado pelos Franceses, Pegu revoltou-se finalmente contra Ava em 1740, enfraquecendo ainda mais a dinastia, que desmoronou-se em 1752.

Lista dos soberanos

Taungû. Postal antigo (Ahuja)
Nome Relação Datas de reino Notas
Mingyinyo 1510-1531 fundador
Tabinshwehti filho 1531-1551 transferiu sua capital a Pegú
Bayinnaung cunhado 1551-1581 maior extensão do Reino
Nandabayin filho 1581-1599
Nyaungyan Min meio irmão 1600-1605 Iniciador da refundação da dinastia a partir de Ava
Anaukpetlun filho 1606-1628
Minredeippa 1628
Thalun irmão de Anaukpeitlun 1629-1648
Pindale 1648-1661
Pye 1661-1672
Narawara 1672
Minrekyawdin 1673-1698
Sane 1698-1714
Taninganwe 1714-1733
Mahadammaya 1733-1752

Ver também

Referências

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