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El Callao

 Nota: Para outros significados de Callao, veja Callao (desambiguação).

Callao

brasão
Região Callao
Capital Callao
Prefeito Pedro López Barrios
População 1 121 027 habitantes
Censo INEI 2013
Área 146,98 km²
Densidade 5 514,8 hab./km²
Mapas

Localização da região de Callao no Peru
Ficheiro:Location of Callao in Southamerica.svg
Localização da província de Callao na região de Callao

A Província Constitucional do Callao (Provincia Constitucional del Callao), popularmente conhecida como El Callao ou, simplesmente, Callao, é uma província do Peru. Sua área coincide com a região do Callao, embora o governo da província seja separado do governo da região. Situa-se na costa do oceano Pacífico e possui o principal porto do país. Conta com uma população de 813 264 habitantes (censo de 2005).

Conta com o principal aeroporto do país, o Aeroporto Internacional Jorge Chávez (ao norte da província), e com a maior estrutura industrial do país. Encontra-se conurbada com a província de Lima,[1] de cujo Centro Histórico dista quinze quilômetros.

Porto de Callao

Topônimo

No antigo linguajar dos marinheiros espanhóis, callao significava "calhau" e, por extensão, "praia com pedras" (como são as praias chalacas). O uso deste termo é comum nas Ilhas Canárias até hoje.

Gentílico

A palavra chalaco, além de ser o gentílico de Callao, também designa as pessoas que vivem no litoral. A palavra deriva do vocábulo quíchua chala, que significa "litoral".

História

A região de Callao já é habitada desde 10 000 a.C. Quando os incas chegaram à região no século XV, ela era habitada pela cultura Maranga. A atual província começou a ser povoada por espanhóis em 1535, quando desembarcaram os navios de Francisco Pizarro e Diego de Almagro. Em 6 de março de 1537, o espanhol Diego de Ruiz obteve autorização para construir um tambo (hospedaria) em Callao.[2]

Em 1555, se iniciou a construção do primeiro bairro espanhol. No ano seguinte, o vice-rei Andrés Hurtado de Mendoza nomeou dom Francisco López como o primeiro alcaide do porto. Em 1579, o porto foi atacado por Francis Drake. Nos primeiros mapas do Peru, elaborados em 1635 pelo cartógrafo Guiljelmus Blaew, a cidade de Callao na província homônima é referida como "vila do Callao".[3]

Durante o Vice-Reino do Peru (1542-1824), a cidade de Callao na província homônima foi conhecida informalmente como "Porto de Lima". Segundo o cronista indígena Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala, desde essa época Callao já era o principal porto de todo o litoral oeste da América Espanhola.

Em 28 de outubro de 1746, um terremoto seguido de maremoto dizimou a região: dos 5 000 habitantes, somente sobreviveram duzentos. Visando a evitar a repetição da tragédia, o vice-rei José Manso de Velasco criou a cidade de Bellavista, situada a três quilômetros de Callao, em uma planície distante do mar. No entanto, a população chalaca insistiu em viver junto ao mar.

Durante a guerra de independência do Peru, Callao teve uma grande importância estratégica, pois controlava a entrada e a saída de mercadorias, bem como a frota militar.

Entre 10 de dezembro de 1835 e 24 de janeiro de 1836, e entre 31 de agosto e 7 de dezembro de 1836, fuzileiros navais norte-americanos desembarcaram para proteger os interesses norte-americanos durante uma tentativa de revolução.[4]

Entre 1850 e 1851, começou a funcionar a estrada de ferro Lima-Callao, a segunda na América do Sul. Em 2 de maio de 1866, aconteceu a batalha de Callao entre a Armada Espanhola e as forças peruanas em terra, no contexto da Guerra espanhola-sul-americana.

Transporte

O distrito de Callao é servido, entre outras, pelas seguintes rodovias:

Referências

  1. Municipalidad Provincial del Callao. Disponível em http://www.municallao.gob.pe/index.php/la-provincia/ubicacion-geografica. Acesso em 4 de maio de 2017.
  2. HUERTA, C. Cronología de la conquista de los Reinos del Perú (1524 - 1572). p. 41.
  3. Diagnóstico Sócio Económico Laboral de la Región Callao. Disponível em http://www.mintra.gob.pe/archivos/file/estadisticas/peel/estadisticas/diagnostico_socioeconomico_osel_callao.pdf. Acesso em 4 de abril de 2017.
  4. "Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2007" Updated January 14, 2008 Congressional Research Service reports Grimmett, Richard F., p 7, em inglês, acessado em 24 de junho de 2010
  5. [1]
  6. [2]
  7. [3]

Ligações externas

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