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Gigante gelado

 Nota: Para os gigantes da mitologia nórdica, veja Jotun.
Urano
Netuno

Um gigante gelado é um planeta gigante constituído principalmente por substâncias mais pesadas do que hidrogênio e hélio, tais como oxigênio, carbono, nitrogênio e enxofre. Há dois gigantes de gelo no Sistema Solar, Urano[1] e Netuno.[2] Existem hipóteses da existência de um terceiro gigante gelado, que, se for encontrado, seria o nono planeta do Sistema Solar.

A massa deles é constituída de apenas cerca de 20% de hidrogênio e hélio, ao contrário dos gigantes gasosos (Júpiter e Saturno), que consistem por mais de 90% de hidrogênio e hélio. Na década de 1990, percebeu-se que Urano e Netuno são uma classe distinta de planeta gigante, separado dos outros planetas gigantes.

Eles tornaram-se conhecidos como gigantes gelados porque seus compostos constituintes estavam principalmente frios quando foram incorporados nos planetas durante a sua formação, quer diretamente sob a forma de gelos ou aprisionado em gelo de água. Atualmente a quantidade de sólidos voláteis dentro dos gigantes de gelo é, no entanto, muito pequeno.[3]

Terminologia

Em 1952, o escritor de ficção científica de James Blish cunhou o termo gigante de gás para se referir aos grandes planetas não terrestres do Sistema Solar. No entanto, na década de 1990, foram descobertos que as composições de Urano e Netuno são significativamente diferentes das de Júpiter e Saturno. Eles são, basicamente, compostas de elementos mais pesados ​​que o hidrogênio e o hélio, constituindo um tipo completamente distinto de planeta gigante. Porque durante a sua formação Urano e Netuno incorporaram material como gelo ou gás aprisionado em gelo de água, o termo gigante gelado entrou em uso.[4]

Hoje, há muito pouco de gelo deixado em Urano e Netuno. H2O existe principalmente como fluido supercrítico a temperaturas e pressões dentro deles.[4]

Características

Os gigantes gelados representam uma das duas categorias fundamentalmente diferentes de planetas gigantes presentes no Sistema Solar. O outro grupo sendo as mais conhecidas são os gigantes de gás, que são compostos por mais de 90% de hidrogênio e hélio (em massa). Acredita-se que o hidrogênio seja o responsável para os seus pequenos núcleos rochosos, onde transições de Íon molecular de hidrogênio em hidrogênio metálico sob as pressões extremas de centenas de gigapascals.[4]

Os gigantes gelados são compostas principalmente de ​​elementos pesados. Com base na abundância de elementos no universo, como oxigênio, carbono, azoto, e enxofre são mais susceptíveis. Embora os gigantes gelados também têm composição de hidrogênio, mas em muito menos quantidade. Ele responde por menos de 20% da sua massa. Seu hidrogênio também nunca atinge as profundezas necessárias à pressão para criar hidrogênio metálico.[4] Este hidrogênio, no entanto, limita a observação de interiores dos gigantes gelados, e, assim, as informações sobre a sua composição e evolução.[5]

Ver também

Referências

  1. ↑ «Os maiores mistérios de Urano». hypescience. Consultado em 12 de junho de 2015 
  2. ↑ «Os maiores mistérios de Netuno». hypescience. Consultado em 12 de junho de 2015 
  3. ↑ «O planeta Neptuno». Explicatorium. Consultado em 12 de junho de 2015 
  4. ↑ a b c d Hofstadter 2011, p. 1.
  5. ↑ Hofstadter 2011, p. 2.

Bibliografia

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