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Moshav

Moshav Nahalal no vale fértil de Jizreel

Moshav (em hebraico, מושב; translit. moshav; plural: moshavim, "assentamento, vila") é um tipo de comunidade rural cooperativa israelense que combina fazendas geridas privadamente e coletivização de serviços, como a comercialização de produtos e algumas vezes indústria leve. Semelhante ao kibutz, esta modalidade de assentamento foi introduzida pelo Sionismo trabalhista durante a segunda onda de imigração judaica, no início do século XX.[1] Os Moshavim são governados por um conselho eleito - Va'ad.

A terra dos moshav pertence ao Estado ou ao Fundo Nacional Judeu. Os primeiros moshavim bem sucedidos foram organizados nos anos 1920. Novos imigrantes foram encaminhados e esses assentamentos nos primeiros anos do Estado de Israel.[2]

Um residente ou membro de um moshav chama-se moshavnik (em hebraico, מוֹשַׁבְנִיק).

Os moshavim são similares aos kibbutzim, no que tange à ênfase sobre o trabalho comunitário. Os kibbutzim são comunidades coletivistas e foram concebidos como parte do programa sionista de construção do Estado, a partir do modelo Yushuv de assentamento judeu existente desde o século XIX até a época do Mandato Britânico da Palestina.[3]

Mas, contrariamente aos kibbutzim, que são fazendas coletivas, no moshav as fazendas tendiam a ser de usufruto individual e de um tamanho fixo e igual. O trabalho e os recursos naturais nas propriedades agrícolas podiam ser individualizados ou compartilhados e os trabalhadores usavam para si próprios os lucros e os alimentos produzidos. Cada família pagava a mesma taxa de apoio comunitário, igual para todas as famílias da comunidade. Já nos kibutzim todos os membros, pelo menos teoricamente tinham o mesmo padrão de vida.[4]

Referências

  1. ↑ "Kibbutz and Moshav." Chapter 2. Israel : a country study. ed. Helen Chapin Metz. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. 1990. Lcweb2.loc.gov
  2. ↑ Peter Guttkuhn: Dr. jur. Alfred Cantor (1899-1968) - vom Rechtsanwalt und Notar in Lübeck zum Landarbeiter-Pionier in Israel. In: Schleswig-Holsteinische Anzeigen. Justizministerialblatt für Schleswig-Holstein. Heft 9. Kiel 2007, Seite 358-359.
  3. ↑ Claus Stefan Becker: Kibbuz, Moschaw und Freiwilligendienste. In: Jobs und Praktika, Band 6, Interconnections Beckmann, Freiburg im Breisgau 1997, ISBN 3-86040-010-X.
  4. ↑ Nikolaus Besch: Die israelischen Genossenschaften, besonders die Siedlungsgenossenschaften des Kibbutz, des Moschaw Owdim und des Moschaw Schitufi [Institut für Genossenschaftswesen der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster]. In: Kooperations- und genossenschaftswissenschaftliche Beiträge. Band 35, Regensberg, Münster 1995, ISBN 3-7923-0678-6 (Zugleich Dissertation an der Universität Münster (Westfalen), 1995).

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