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Tratado de Wuchale

O Tratado de Wuchale (ou, Tratado de Ucciale; em italiano: Trattato di Uccialli) foi um tratado assinado pelo Rei Menelik II de Shewa, mais tarde, imperador da Etiópia, com o conde Pietro Antonelli da Itália, na cidade de Wuchale, Etiópia, em 2 de maio de 1889. O tratado cedeu territórios que foram anteriormente uma parte da Etiópia, nomeadamente as províncias de Bogos, Hamasien, Akkele Guzay e Serae e estão na origem da colônia italiana e estado moderno da Eritreia. Em troca, a Itália prometeu ajuda financeira e suprimentos militares.[1]

Firmaram-se duas versões do tratado, uma em italiano e a outra em amárico, as línguas oficiais dos países envolvidos no tratado. Ambas as versões diferiam na redação do artigo 17, na versão italiana se estabelecia que a Etiópia estava obrigada a tratar seus assuntos de política exterior e relações com outras nações estrangeiras por meio das autoridades italianas, transformando assim o reino etíope em um protetorado italiano. Na versão em amárico, por outro lado, se recomendava simplesmente consultar ao governo italiano, naqueles assuntos que envolviam as outras nações europeias.[2] O mal-entendido se deveu à má tradução de um verbo, que formou uma cláusula permissiva em amárico e outra obrigatória em italiano.[3]

A diferença foi percebida quando Menelik II, que apenas assinara a versão amárica do texto (sendo assegurado de que não haveria diferenças entre esta versão e a italiana),[4] tentou entrar em contato com a Rainha Vitória do Reino Unido e o Imperador Guilherme II da Alemanha, ambos respondendo que, em virtude do artigo 17 do tratado, a Etiópia apenas poderia contatá-los através da diplomacia italiana, o que chocou o imperador etíope.[5] A controvérsia, entre ambos países, originada na diferença de versões do tratado, derivou na Primeira Guerra Ítalo-Etíope, entre 1895 e 1896, que finalizou com a derrota italiana na Batalha de Aduá, e na delimitação definitiva das fronteiras da Eritreia.[6][7][8]

Referências

  1. ↑ «Treaty of Wichale». Encyclopædia Britannica 
  2. ↑ Discussions include Chris Prouty, Empress Taytu and Menilek II (Trenton, NJ: The Red Sea Press, 1986), pp. 70-99; Marcus G. Harold, The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 (Trenton: The Red Sea Press, 1995), pp. 111–134; and Hatem Elliesie, Amharisch als diplomatische Sprache im Völkervertragsrecht, Aethiopica (International Journal of Ethiopian and Eritrean Studies), 11, (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2008), pp. 235-244.
  3. ↑ «Languages of Diplomacy: Towards a Fairer Distribution». The Economist. 2 de abril de 2013 
  4. ↑ Rubenson 1964, p. 257
  5. ↑ Rubenson 1964, pp. 248-249
  6. ↑ Chris Prouty, Empress Taytu and Menilek II (Trenton, NJ: The Red Sea Press, 1986), pp. 70-99
  7. ↑ Marcus G. Harold, The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 (Trenton: The Red Sea Press, 1995), pp. 111–134
  8. ↑ Hatem Elliesie, Amharisch als diplomatische Sprache im Völkervertragsrecht, Aethiopica (International Journal of Ethiopian and Eritrean Studies), 11, (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2008), pp. 235-244.

Bibliografia

  • Sven Rubenson, "The Protectorate Paragraph of the Wichale Treaty" pp. 243–283 The Journal of African History Vol. 5, No. 2, 1964.
  • Sven Rubenson, "Chapter V: Trials of Strength with Egypt and Italy" in The Survival of Ethiopian Independence (Hollywood: Tsehai, 2003).
  • Carlo Giglio, "Article 17 of the Treaty of Uccialli" in Journal of African History VI, 2 (1965) pp. 221–235.

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