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Adolescență

Adolescenți din Buenos Aires, Argentina

Adolescența (Latin adolescentia, de la adolescere) este perioada de tranziție biologică, psihologică și socială de la pubertate la maturitate. Intervalul de vârstă la care are loc această tranziție este ușor diferit de la un individ la altul și depinde de mai mulți factori: sex (în general fetele intră în adolescență înaintea băieților), cadrul socio-cultural etc. Cu toate că pubertatea începe, în general, în jurul vârstei de 10-12 ani, ea poate începe și la orice vârstă cuprinsă în intervalul de 8-16 ani.[1]

Această perioadă de tranziție presupune atât modificări la nivel fizic, cât și modificări la nivel de comportament și personalitate. Adolescentul devine mai preocupat de propria imagine și de poziția sa în raport cu cei din jur (grupul de prieteni, colegii de școală). În același timp, copilul adolescent tinde să se îndepărteze de părinți, în încercarea de a fi independent și de a decide pentru el însuși. Nevoia părinților de control și de supraveghere devine incongruentă cu noile nevoi de dezvoltare și comunicare ale copilului, iar conflictele devin sursa permanentă a neînțelegerilor între aceștia. Pentru a depăși dificultățile de relaționare, este util ca părinții să-și stabilească strategii de comunicare în relaționarea cu copii bazate pe empatie și înțelegerea nevoilor, încredere și respectarea intimității și a spațiului privat.

Dezvoltarea corectă a adolescenților se bazează pe stimularea mai multor arii în strânsă legătură cu activitatea lor. Un adolescent echilibrat alege activități care contribuie la dezvoltarea caracterului, creșterea încrederii în sine, dezvoltarea abilităților de socializare, identificarea pasiunilor și luarea deciziilor. Părinții trebuie să încurajeze dorința tinerilor de a-și descoperi propriul talent, fiindcă vârsta adolescenței este potrivită pentru a începe o carieră în domeniul ales.

Note

  1. ^
    • Strickland, Bonnie B., ed. (). „Puberty”. The Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology (ed. Second). Gale Group. p. 528. ISBN 978-0-7876-4786-5. The sequence and age range of the developmental changes associated with puberty can vary widely. Although most children begin puberty between the ages of 10 and 12, it can start at any age from 8 to 16. The most obvious determining factor is gender; on average, puberty arrives earlier for girls than boys. Heredity also appears to play an important role. Compared to an overall age range of nine to 18 for menarche, the age difference for sisters averages only 13 months and for identical twins, less than three months. Body weight is a factor as well: puberty often begins earlier in heavier children of both sexes and later in thinner ones. The onset of menstruation, in particular, appears to be related to amounts of body fat. Girls with little body fat, especially athletes, often start menstruating at a later than-average age. Over the past 100 years, puberty has tended to begin increasingly early in both sexes (a phenomenon called the secular trend). 
    • Steinberg, Laurence (). „Adolescence”. În Strickland, Bonnie B. The Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology (ed. Second). Gale Group. p. 11. ISBN 0-7876-4786-1. The timing of physical maturation varies widely. In the United States today, menarche, the first menstrual period, typically occurs around age 12, although some youngsters start puberty when they are only eight or nine, others when they are well into their teens. The duration of puberty also varies greatly: eighteen months to six years in girls and two to five years in boys. 

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