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Argumentum ad baculum

Argumentum ad baculum (lat. batinama protiv argumenta), takođe poznata i kao pozivanje na silu, je logička greška koja nastaje kada se sila, prinuda, ili pretnja silom koristi kao sredstvo ubeđivanja u raspravi. Do ove greške dolazi kada jedan od učesnika u raspravi zapreti drugom učesniku silom ukoliko ovaj ne prihvati njegove stavove.

Kao logički argument

Pogrešan logički argument koji se bazira na argumentum ad baculum-u obično ima sledeću formu:

ako x ne prihvati da P, onda Q.
Q je pretnja ili napad na x.
Stoga, P je tačno.

Ova forma argumenta predstavlja logičku grešku, jer napad Q ne mora obavezno da otkriva ništa o istinitosnoj vrednosti premise P. Ovu grešku su još u Srednjem veku identifikovali mnogi filozofi. Ovo je poseban slučaj logičke greške argumentum ad consequentiam.

Primer

  • "Biblija je istinita: ako je odbacim, biću kažnjen."
(Fizičko nasilje ili socijalne i ekonomske sankcije su često bile primenjivane prema religioznim ili političkim disidentima Primer je spaljivanje Đordana Bruna na lomači.)

Kao ne-logički argument

Sličan ali ne-logički argument može imati otrilike sledeću formu:

Ako x ne prihvati P, onda Q.
Q je pretnja ili napad na x.
Stoga, x treba da prihvati P da bi izbegao Q.

Ovo nije logički argument u tehničkom smislu, jer zaključak koristi ne-logičke ili kvazi-logičke izraze kao što su "treba" i ne odgovara na pitanje da li je P istinito. Umesto toga, ovo je sugestija da će neko steći korist ako veruje u P, ili kaže da veruje u P, čak iako je P logički netačno. Pitanje da li je ovakav predlog (da x treba da prihvati P) prihvatljiv izlazi iz okvira koje proučava logika, i uključuje subjektivna pitanja praktičnosti ili etike, posebno ako je P moralni stav, kao što je "R je etično". Neki pragmatisti tvrde da se veliki broj ljudskih ubeđenja zasniva na ovim tipovima argumenata.

Primeri

  • "Podržavam rat: Da ne podržavam, bio bih proteran iz zajednice."
(Mnogim mladim ljudima u SAD koji su se protivili ratu u Vijetnamu je rečeno da ne bi trebalo da se drže ovih stavova, jer bi mogli da se suoče sa diskriminacijom od strane potencijalnih poslodavaca. Ovaj argument daje dobre razloge da se ovo mišljenje zadrži za sebe, ali ne daje argumentaciju da je antiratni stav pogrešan.)
C-3PO: Načinio je ispravan potez. Vrištanje ti neće pomoći.
Han Solo: (upada) Pusti ga. Nije mudro uznemiravati Vukija.
C-3PO: Ali gospodine, niko se ne brine da ne uznemiri droida.
Han Solo: To je zbog toga što droidi nemaju običaj da čupaju ljudima ruke kad izgube. Vukiji su poznati po tome.
C-3PO: Razumem vašu poentu, gospodine. Predlažem novu strategiju, R2. Pusti Vukija da pobedi.

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