Black Swallowtail

Black Swallowtail
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Papilionidae
Tribe:	Papilionini
Genus:	Papilio
Species:	P. polyxenes
Binomial name
	Papilio polyxenes; Fabricius, 1775

The Black Swallowtail (Papilio polyxenes) is a species of butterfly. It is also called the American Swallowtail or Parsnip Swallowtail.^[1] It is found throughout much of North America.

Description

The Black Swallowtail has a wingspan of 6.7 to 10 cm (2.7 to 4 in).^[2] The upper side of the male's wings is black. There are two rows of yellow spots along the edges of both wings.^[3] There is a small area of blue on the bottom wing between the two rows of yellow spots.^[4]On the bottom edge of the bottom wing, there is a red spot with a small black dot in the center.^[3] The upper side of the female's wings is black. There are two rows of light yellow spots along the edges of both wings. These spots are smaller than the male's. There is a large area of blue on the bottom wing between these two rows. The female also has the same red and black spot on the bottom wing as the male. The female mimics the Pipevine Swallowtail (Battus philenor).^[3] The underside of the wings is the same in both sexes. The top wing is black with two rows of yellow-orange spots. The bottom wing has two rows of orange spots with a blue area between them.^[5]

Taxonomy

The Ozark Swallowtail (Papilio joanae) and the Black Swallowtail were once thought to be the same species. Felix Sperling did an analysis of the Ozark Swallowtail's DNA. He suggested that even though the Ozark Swallowtail looks exactly like the Black Swallowtail, it is actually more closely related to the Old World Swallowtail (Papilio machaon).^[6]

In North Dakota and southern Manitoba, the Black Swallowtail is thought to breed with the Old World Swallowtail. These hybrids are called Kahli Swallowtails.^[6] Kahli Swallowtails are either thought to be a separate species or a subspecies of the Black Swallowtail.^[7]

The Desert Black Swallowtail (P. p. coloro) is a subspecies of the Black Swallowtail. It is found in southeastern California, southern Nevada, and western Arizona. It is similar to the male Black Swallowtail, but it has more yellow and the sexes look the same.^[3]

Similar species

There are many similar species in the Black Swallowtails range.^[6]

The Pipevine Swallowtail is similar to the female Black Swallowtail. On the upper side of its wings it does not have any yellow spots. The bottom wing is a shiny, dark blue. It has one row of whitish spots in the middle of the bottom wing. The underside of the bottom wing has only one row of orange spots.^[5]

The Spicebush Swallowtail (Papilio troilus) is similar to the female Black Swallowtail. It is usually larger. The upper side of its wings is black with one row of light greenish-blue spots along the edges of both wings.^[3]

The Ozark Swallowtail looks exactly like the Black Swallowtail. It can only be separated by habitat and host plant choices (the host plant is the plant that the caterpillar feeds on). It is found in woodlands. The host plants are Meadow Parsnip (Thaspium barbinode) and Yellow Pimpernal (Taenidia intregerrima).^[3]^[6]

The Old World Swallowtail has many different forms. The form brucei is very similar to both sexes of the Black Swallowtail. Form brucei is usually smaller. The black dot in the red spot on the bottom wing is not centered.^[3]

Range and distribution

The Black Swallowtail ranges from southern Canada south to Florida and Costa Rica west to the Rocky Mountains and eastern Arizona south to Mexico and Peru.^[3]^[4]^[6]

Habitat

The Black Swallowtail likes open habitats.^[6] It is found from sea level to high mountains.^[3] It is found in fields, meadows, deserts, marshes, near lakes and streams, farms, lawns, near cities, near roads, and gardens.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[8] It is rarely (unusually) found in forests or woodlands.^[4]^[5]

Humans have greatly helped the Black Swallowtail. They brought non-native carrot species from Europe to North America. The Black Swallowtail uses these plants as host plants. Before humans cut down forests, Black Swallowtail were rare. They were only found in small prairies, wetlands, and openings in forests.^[8] However, in the northeast, people are not farming as much as they used to. This is making the Black Swallowtail become less common in this part of its range.^[9]

Flight period

The Black Swallowtail is seen from May to June in Canada. It is seen from June to August in the Colorado Mountains.^[10] In the eastern part of its range, it is seen from April to October and from February to October in Florida.^[5] In Arizona, it is seen from February to November.^[2] It has one brood (one group of offspring) in Canada and the Colorado Mountains.^[10] It has 2 to 3 broods in the rest of its range.^[3]

Behavior

The Black Swallowtail flies very fast. Its flight is much quicker than other swallowtails.^[8] The Black Swallowtail flies closer to the ground than other swallowtails do.^[6] In cold weather, they will hold their abdomens above their wings. This keeps them warm.^[5] Usually, Black Swallowtails live about 10 to 12 days. Some however, can live up to 35 to 40 days.^[11]

Adult food sources

Here is a list of food sources for the Black Swallowtail:^[8]^[12]^[13]

Asclepias incarnata – Swamp Milkweed
Asclepias syriaca – Common Milkweed
Asclepias tuberosa – Butterfly Weed
Barbarea vulgaris – Winter Cress
Cirsium discolor – Thistle
Dipsacus sylvestris – Teasel
Echinacea purpurea – Purple Coneflower
Medicago sativa – Alfalfa
Syringa sp. – lilac
Trifolium pratense – Red Clover
Vernonia sp. – ironweed
Zinnia sp. – zinnia

Males will also come to damp soil and mud to feed on minerals and moisture. This is called puddling.^[8]

Life cycle

The Black Swallowtail goes through complete metamorphosis.

Mating

The male forms a territory. The territory is usually on the top of a hill. The male will sit on high branches or other vegetation on the hill. He will defend his territory from other male Black Swallowtails. If other males come too close, he will chase them away.^[8]^[10] The female will fly to the top of the hill to look for a mate. A successful courtship lasts for about 40 seconds. An unsuccessful one lasts for about 100 seconds. Mating lasts for about 45 minutes. Females that do not want to mate will try to escape from males by flying high in the air and then quickly flying downward.^[10]

Egg

Female Black Swallowtails fly close to the ground to look for host plants.^[5] Females lay one egg per host plant.^[9] The eggs are laid on the leaves and flowers. The egg is yellow. It later forms a red ring around the center. It will also form a red top. It will turn dark gray just before hatching.^[10] It takes about 10 days to hatch.^[14] In a lab test, females laid a total of about 200 to 430 eggs. They laid about 35 to 50 each day.^[10]

Caterpillar

The caterpillar will eat the leaves and flowers of the host plant. It makes no nests.^[10] The young caterpillar is black. It has a white spot in the middle of its body. This spot is called a saddle. It mimics a bird dropping.^[4] The older caterpillar is green. It has black bands with orange spots in each of the bands.^[9] The caterpillar has a special organ called an osmeterium. It is an orange, bad-smelling organ. It is shaped like a snake's tongue. It is kept behind the inside of the head. The caterpillar releases it to scare predators away.^[13] The caterpillar will reach a length of 5 cm (2 in). The Ozark Swallowtail caterpillar is similar to the Black Swallowtail caterpillar. It is usually greener, and the black bands are usually thinner.^[9]

Chrysalis

The chrysalis hangs upright. There is a silk thread around the upper part of the chrysalis. This thread is called a girdle.^[13] The chrysalis is either brown or green. The Black Swallowtail will hibernate as a chrysalis.^[10]

A female laying an egg
Eggs
A young caterpillar
An older caterpillar
A caterpillar showing part of its osmeterium
Chrysalis
A chrysalis ready to hatch

Host plants

Here is a list of host plants that the Black Swallowtail caterpillar feeds on:^[2]^[8]

Anethum graveolens – Dill
Apium graveolens – Celery
Berula erecta – Water Parsnip
Cyclospermum leptophyllum – Slender Celery
Daucus carota – Queen Anne's Lace
Daucus pusillus – American Wild Carrot
Foeniculum vulgare – Anise (also called Fennel)
Pastinaca sativa – Parsnip
Petroselinum crispum – Parsley
Thamnosma montana – Turpentine Broom (used by the Desert Black Swallowtail only)

References

↑ Castner, J.L. "Electronic Data Information Source". Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. University of Florida. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2008-04-18. {{cite web}}: More than one of |archivedate= and |archive-date= specified (help); More than one of |archiveurl= and |archive-url= specified (help)
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Stewart, Bob; Brodkin, Priscilla and Brodkin, Hank (2001). Butterflies of Arizona. Arcata, CA: West Coast Lady Press. p. 10. ISBN 0-9663072-1-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ ^3.00 ^3.01 ^3.02 ^3.03 ^3.04 ^3.05 ^3.06 ^3.07 ^3.08 ^3.09 Brock, Jim P.; Kaufman, Kenn (2003). Butterflies of North America. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin. p. 20. ISBN 0-618-15312-8.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Shull, Ernest M. (1987). The Butterflies of Indiana. IN: Indiana Academy of Science. p. 90. ISBN 0-253-31292-2.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 Cech, Rick; Tudor, Guy (2005). Butterflies of the East Coast. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 67. ISBN 0-691-09055-6.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ^6.5 ^6.6 ^6.7 Glassberg, Jeffrey (1999). Butterflies through Binoculars: The East. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 45–46. ISBN 0-19-510668-7.
↑ Opler, Paul A.; Malikul, Vichai (1992). A Field Guide to Eastern Butterflies. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 130. ISBN 0-395-90453-6.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 ^8.4 ^8.5 ^8.6 Iftner, David; Shuey, John A. and Calhoun, John V. (1992). Butterflies and Skippers of Ohio. OH: College of Biological Sciences and The Ohio University. pp. 68. ISBN 0-86727-107-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 Wagner, David L. (2005). Caterpillars of Eastern North America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 80. ISBN 0-691-12144-3.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 ^10.5 ^10.6 ^10.7 Scott, James A. (1986). The Butterflies of North America. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 171–174. ISBN 0-8047-2013-4.
↑ Putnam, Patti; Putnam, Milt (1997). North America's Favorite Butterflies. Minocqua, WI: Willow Creek Press. pp. 28. ISBN 1-57223-109-2.
↑ Nielsen, Mogens C. (1999). Michigan Butterflies and Skippers. Michigan: Michigan State University. p. 30. ISBN 1-56525-012-5.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 Burris, Judy; Richards, Wayne (2006). The Life Cycles of Butterflies. Storey Publishing. pp. 23. ISBN 1-58017-618-6.
↑ Stokes, Donald; Stokes, Lillian and Williams, Ernest (1991). Stokes Butterfly Book. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 49. ISBN 0-316-81780-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)