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Britain (place name)

Photograph of Britain in winter, taken from a satellite belonging to NASA

The name Britain is very old. The name comes from the ancient Romans' name for the ancient Britons (Latin: Britanni, lit. 'Britons', 'inhabitants of Britain'). The English language word comes from Latin: Britannia, lit. 'land of the Britons'.[1][2][3][4] It can mean Great Britain, the British Isles, or the British state – the United Kingdom.[2]

The Romans started using this name after learning it from the ancient Greeks in the Hellenistic period.[1] The Greeks gave the people of Britain the name in Ancient Greek: Βρεττανοί, romanized: Brettanoí and used as the place name Βρεττανία, Brettanía.[1][4]

The Greek name for the people of Britain was also written as Πρεττανοί, Prettanoí, and as Πρετανοί, Pretanoí.[1][4] This name may itself have come from one of the Brythonic languages of ancient Britain.[1] The Greek name is like the word for Britain in the Welsh language: Prydain, which comes from the Old Welsh language word: Priten.[1]

There may be a connection between the Greeks' and Romans' name and the Celtic languages. However, it may be that the word comes from one of the languages of the Mediterranean Basin. It could mean "tin". Britain's greatest export in the distant past was tin.[1] Words in ancient Egyptian languages have similarities with the Ancient Greek and Latin names. It is also possible that the word for "tin" in these languages itself came from the name of Britain or its people.[1]

Britannia was the common Latin name for the island of Great Britain starting in the 1st century BC.[5][6] Britannia replaced the name Albion as the Romans' common name for the island.[5][6] After the Romans overcame the ancient Britons in war in 43 AD, Britannia could mean just the southern two thirds of the island which was under Roman control. (Caledonia, north of the River Forth in modern Scotland, was only sometimes controlled by the Roman army.)[7]

The writings of the Roman cartographer Ptolemy used the name "Great Britain" for the island in the 2nd century AD. He used the name "Megale Britannia" or "Great Britain" (Ancient Greek: Μεγάλη Βρεττανία, romanized: Μegálē Brettanía) to show the difference between this larger island and Ireland.[8] For Ireland, Ptolemy used the name "Mikra Britannia" or "Little Britain" (Μικρά Βρεττανία, Mikrá Brettanía).[8]

The word was used in the Old English language to mean Great Britain.[2] After the time of the Anglo-Saxons, the name Britain was most used in history writing.[2] In the early 16th century however, the name became more common in English for political reasons.[2]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 "Britain, n.1 and adj". Oxford English Dictionary Online (3rd ed.). 2008. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "Britain, n.2". Oxford English Dictionary Online (3rd ed.). 2008. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
  3. ↑ "Briton, n. and adj". Oxford English Dictionary Online (3rd ed.). 2008. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Britannia, n". Oxford English Dictionary Online (3rd ed.). 2008. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Warmington, Eric Herbert (2012), "Albion", in Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony J.; Eidinow, Esther (eds.), The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4th ed.), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8, retrieved 2021-02-25
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Millett, Martin J. (2012), "Britain, Roman", in Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.), The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4th ed.), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8, retrieved 2021-02-25
  7. ↑ Richmond, Ian Archibald; Millett, Martin J. Millett (2012), "Caledonia", in Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.), The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4th ed.), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8, retrieved 2021-02-25
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Bradley, Richard, ed. (2019). "Chapter 1 - The Offshore Islands". The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland. Cambridge World Archaeology (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–29. doi:10.1017/9781108419925.001. ISBN 978-1-108-41992-5. S2CID 241252288.
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