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De Havilland Mosquito

DH.98 Mosquito
Mosquito B Mk IV
Vloga lahki bombnik
lovski bombnik
nočni lovec
jurišno letalo
izvidniško opazovalno letalo
Oblikovalec Geoffrey De Havilland
Krstni polet 25. november 1940
Uveden 1941
Status upokojen
Glavni uporabniki Royal Air Force (RAF)
Kraljeve kanadske letalske sile (RCAF)
Kraljeve avstralske letalske sile (RAAF)
Letalske sile ameriške kopenske vojske (USAAF)
Izdelovan 1940–1950
Število izdelanih 7.781

De Havilland DH.98 Mosquito ("Komar") je bil britanski dvomotorni večnamenski bombnik / lovec 2. svetovne vojne. Zaradi velike hitrosti in lesene konstrukcije je dobil vzdevek "leseni čudež" (The Wooden Wonder). Ker je bil zgrajen večinoma iz lesa, ga je bilo težko zaznati z radarjem. Tako je bil nekakšen predhodnik današnjih za radarje nevidnih ("stealth") letal. Med posadkami se je uveljavil tudi vzdevek "Mossie".[1]

Zasnovan je bil kot neoborožen hitri bombnik, pozneje so ga začeli uporabljati tudi kot taktični bombnik, lovski bombnik, nočni bombnik, nočno lovsko letalo, jurišno letalo, izvidiniško letalo, sledilno letalo (pathfinder) in fotografsko letalo. Zaradi velike hitrosti, ki je bila povsem primerljiva z lovci tedanjega časa, ga je bilo skorajda nemogoče prestreči. Uporabljala ga je tudi britanska letalska družba British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) za hiter prevoz pomembnih tovorov in tudi oseb. Tako so 6. oktobra 1943 z Mosquitom iz Stockholma na Švedskem preko Norveške na Škotsko (v bombniškem jašku) prepeljali danskega jedrskega fizika Nielsa Bohra (NN 1922). Čez nekaj dni pa na enak način še njegovega sina Aageja Bohra, študenta fizike (NN 1975). Oba sta pozneje sodelovala v 'Projektu Manhattan' (atomska bomba) v ZDA.

RAF je imel posebne, zelo specializirane enote Mosquitov, ki so bile izredno izvežbane v natančnih bombardiranjih. Dve od takih sta bila 138. in 140. polk. Ti t. i. "pin-point" napadi so bili tako natančni, da so bombe in/ali rakete lahko zadevale že vnaprej točno določene dele stavb ali druge cilje. Zelo odmeven je bil napad na nacistični zapor pri Amiensu v Franciji 18. februarja 1944. To operacijo, imenovano "Jericho", sta izpeljali 464. avstralska skupina in 487. novozelandska skupina 140. bombniškega polka. Iz zapora je tako lahko ušlo veliko vidnih poveljnikov in članov francoskega odpora, ki bi bili drugače kmalu ustreljeni. Opremljeni z osmimi nevodenimi 3" raketami pod krili so zelo uspešno napadali nemške vojne ladje, tankerje in podmornice na gladini (med prečrpavanjem goriva, nalaganjem torpedov, hrane, vode, menjavo posadke, izkrcevanjem ranjencev ali bolnikov) ali pa nemške vojaške vlake, cestne transporte, ceste, železniške proge in križišča ter postaje, mostove, letališča, rafinerije, strateške tovarne itn.

Izdelovati so ga začeli leta 1941. Poganjala sta ga dva motorja Rolls-Royce Merlin.

V zraku je bil lahko prepoznaven po repnem smernem krmilu, ki je imelo obliko hrbtne plavuti morskega psa. Tako kot Spitfira in Westland Whirlwinda, ga odlikuje čudovita aerodinamična oblika. Nič čudnega, saj je ravno konstruktor Mosquita dejal: "Letalo čudne oblike lahko čisto spodobno leti, lepo oblikovano letalo pa zmeraj lepo leti!". Zakoni aerodinamike so neizprosni.

Z izdelavo Mosquita se je v letalstvu začela uporaba lepil, kar je danes povsem običajen postopek.

Njegov (malo manjši, enosedi in še veliko hitrejši) naslednik je bil De Havilland DH.103 Hornet (Sršen).


Uporabniki

Tehnične specifikacije

DH.98 Mosquito F Mk II

Lovska verzija

Podatki iz Mosquito[2] and Mosquito Performance trials[3]

Splošne karakteristike

  • Posadka: 2: pilot, navigator/operater radarja
  • Dolžina: 41 ft 2 in (13,57 m)
  • Razpon kril: 54 ft 2 in (16,52 m)
  • Višina: 17 ft 5 in (5,3 m)
  • Površina kril: 454 ft2 (42,18 m2)
  • Teža praznega letala: 13 356 lb (6.058 kg)
  • Naložena teža: 17 700 lb (8.028 kg)
  • Maks. vzletna teža: 18 649 lb (8.549 kg)
  • Pogon letala: 2 × tekočinsko hlajen V12-valjnik Rolls-Royce Merlin 21/21, 1.480 hp (1.103 kW) vsak

Zmogljivost

  • Maks. hitrost: 318 vozlov (366 mph (589 km/h)) at 21.400 ft (6.500 m)
  • Doseg: 782 nmi (900 mi (1.400 km)) z 410 gal (1.864 litrov) goriva na višini 20.000 ft (6.100 m)
  • Višina leta: 29 000 ft (8.839 m)
  • Hitrost vzpenjanja: 1 740 ft/min (8,8 m/s)
  • Obremenitev kril: 39,9 lb/ft2 (195 kg/m2)
  • Razmerje moč/teža: 0,189 KM/lb (311 W/kg)

Oborožitev

  • Strelno orožje: 4 × 20 mm (.79 in) Hispano Mk II top (v trupu) in 4 × .303 in (7.69 mm) Browning strojnice (nos)

Letalska elektronika

  • AI Mk IV ali Mk V radar (NF različice)

DH.98 Mosquito B Mk XVI

Bombniška verzija

Mosquito P.R.34.
Mosquito P.R.34.

Podatki iz Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II[2] and World War II Warbirds[4]

Splošne karakteristike

  • Posadka: 2: pilot, bombardir / navigator
  • Dolžina: 44 ft 6 in (13,57 m)
  • Razpon kril: 54 ft 2 in (16,52 m)
  • Višina: 17 ft 5 in (5,3 m)
  • Površina kril: 454 ft2 (42,18 m2)
  • Teža praznega letala: 14300 lb (6.490 kg)
  • Naložena teža: 18 100 lb (8.210 kg)
  • Maks. vzletna teža: 25 000 lb (11.000 kg)
  • Pogon letala: 2 × tekočinsko hlajen 12-valjnik Rolls-Royce Merlin, 1.710 KM (1.280 kW) vsak

Zmogljivost

  • Maks. hitrost: 361 vozlov (415 mph (668 km/h)) at 28.000 ft (8.500 m)
  • Doseg: 1 300 nmi (1.500 mi (2.400 km)) polno naložen z bombami
  • Višina leta: 37000 ft (11000 m)
  • Hitrost vzpenjanja: 2850 ft/min (14,5 m/s)
  • Obremenitev kril: 39.9 lb/ft2 (195 kg/m2)
  • Razmerje moč/teža: 0,189 KM/lb (311 W/kg)

Oborožitev

  • Bombe: 4.000 lb (1.800 kg)

Letalska elektronika

Glej tudi

Sklici in reference

  1. Hanson, Dave. "deHavilland DH 98 Mosquito." warbirdalley.com. Retrieved: 21 August 2011.
  2. 2,0 2,1 Sharp and Bowyer 1971, pp. 393, 401–402. Napaka pri navajanju: Neveljavna oznaka <ref>; sklici, poimenovani jane, so definirani večkrat z različno vsebino (glej stran pomoči).
  3. "The de Havilland Mosquito." wwiiaircraftperformance.org. Retrieved: 24 July 2008.
  4. La Bonné, Frans. "The de Havilland Mosquito." Arhivirano 2014-09-08 na Wayback Machine. World War II Warbirds, 9 February 2001. Retrieved: 21 April 2006.

Bibliografija

  • Air Ministry. Pilot's Notes For Mosquito B IV. London: 1943. A.P.2019D-PN.
  • Air Ministry. Pilot's Notes For Mosquito, Marks VIII and IX, Mark XVI. London: 1944. A.P.2653A, B, F, H & J-PN.
  • Air Ministry. Pilot's Notes For Mosquito FB 6. London: 1945. ISBN 978-0-85979-020-8.
  • Air Ministry. Pilot's Notes For Mosquito NF 38. London: 1945. ISBN 978-0-85979-075-8.
  • Batchelor, John and Malcolm Low. de Havilland Mosquito Manual (Plane Essentials). Victoria, Australia: Publishing Solutions, 2008. ISBN 978-1-906589-00-4.
  • Bird, Andrew. A Separate Litte War. London, UK: Grub Street, 2003. ISBN 1-904010-43-1.
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  • Boog, Horst, Gerhard Krebs and Detlef Vogel. Germany and the Second World War: Volume VII: The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia, 1943-1944/5. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-19822-889-9.
  • Bowman, Martin. de Havilland Mosquito (Crowood Aviation series). Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press, 2005. ISBN 1-86126-736-3.* Bowman, Martin. Mosquito Bomber/Fighter-bomber Units 1942-45. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1997. ISBN 1-85532-690-6.
  • Bowman, Martin. Mosquito Fighter/Fighter-bomber Units of World War 2. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1998. ISBN 1-85532-731-7.
  • Bowman, Martin. Mosquito Photo-Reconnaissance Units of World War 2. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1999. ISBN 1-85532-891-7.
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  • Bowyer, Michael J.F., Bryan Philpott and Stuart Howe. Mosquito (Classic Aircraft No. 7: Their History and How to Model Them). Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Ltd., 1980. ISBN 0-85059-432-4.
  • Bridgman, Leonard, ed. “The D.H.98 Mosquito.” Jane’s Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Studio, 1946. ISBN 1-85170-493-0.
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  • Hotson, Fred W. (1983). The De Havilland Canada Story. Toronto: Canav Books. ISBN 978-0-9690703-2-0.
  • Miracle, Daniel B. and Steven L. Donaldson. ASM Handbook: Composites. Cleveland, Ohio: ASM International, 2001. ISBN 0-87170-703-9.
  • Mujumdar, A. S. Drying '92: Proceedings of the 8th International Drying Symposium. Toronto: Elsevier, 1992. ISBN 0-444-89393-8.
  • Rhodes, Tom. Stress Without Tears. Jacobs Publishing, 1st edition 1 December 2008. ISBN 978-1-4392-0717-8.
  • Scott, Stuart R. "Mosquito Thunder: No. 105 Squadron RAF at war 1942-5.” Sutton Publishing, Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK, 1999. ISBN 0-7509-1800-4.
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  • Sharp, C. Martin and Michael J.F. Bowyer. Mosquito. London: Faber & Faber, 1971. ISBN 0-571-04750-5.
  • Sharp, C. Martin and Michael J.F. Bowyer. Mosquito (2nd ed.). Manchester, UK: Crécy Books Ltd, 1995. ISBN 0-947554-41-6.
  • Simons, Graham M. Mosquito: The Original Multi-Role Combat Aircraft. Barnsley, Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword, 2011. ISBN 978-18488-442-61
  • Streetly, Martin. "The Aircraft of 100 Group: Part 14. DH Mosquito, Internal Detail". Scale Models, Volume 12, Issue 139, April 1981.
  • Stroud, John. "Wings of Peace:- de Havilland Albatross." Aeroplane Monthly,, Volume 18, Issue 206, June 1990.
  • Thirsk, Ian.de Havilland Mosquito: An Illustrated History Volume 2. Manchester, UK: Crécy Publishing Limited, 2006. ISBN 0-85979-115-7.
  • Thomas, Geoffrey J. and Barry Ketely. KG 200: The Luftwaffe's Most Secret Unit. Tokyo: Hikoki Publications, 2003. ISBN 1-902109-33-3.
  • Birtles, Philip. Mosquito: A Pictorial History of the DH98. London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd., 1980. ISBN 0-531-03714-2.
  • Boiten, Theo. Nachtjagd: the night fighter versus bomber war over the Third Reich, 1939-45. Crowood Press Ltd, 1997 London. ISBN 978-1861260864
  • Gilman J.D. and J. Clive. KG 200. London: Pan Books Ltd., 1978. ISBN 0-85177-819-4.
  • Hardy, M.J. The de Havilland Mosquito. Devon, UK/New York: David & Charles (Publishers) Ltd./Arco Publishing, 1977. ISBN 0-7153-7367-6, (David & Charles) ISBN 0-668-04051-3 (Arco).
  • Hinchcliffe, Peter. The Other Battle: Luftwaffe Night Aces vs Bomber Command. London: Zenith Press, 1996. ISBN 0-7603-0265-0.
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  • Jackson, Robert. de Havilland Mosquito (Combat Legend). Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 2003. ISBN 1-84037-358-X.
  • Jones, R.C. de Havilland Mosquito: RAF Northern Europe 1936-45. London: Ducimus Books Ltd., 1970.
  • Mason, Francis K. and Richard Ward. De Havilland Mosquito in RAF-FAA-RAAF-SAAF-RNZAF-RCAF-USAAF-French & Foreign Service. Canterbury, Kent, UK: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 1972. ISBN 0-85045-043-8.
  • McKee, Alexander. The Mosquito Log. London: Souvenir Press Ltd., 1988. ISBN 0-285-62838-0.
  • Hugh Morgan; John Weal (1998). German Jet Aces of World War 2. Orsprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-634-5.
  • Price, Nigel (ed.). "Mosquito: A Celebration of de Havilland's 'Wooden Wonder'." FlyPast Special. Stamford, Lincolnshire, UK: Key Publishing Ltd., 2009.
  • Radinger, Will and Walter Schick. Me262 (German lang. ed.), Berlin: Avantic Verlag GmbH, 1996. ISBN 3-925505-21-0.
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