Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Efedrin

Efedrin
IUPAC ime
(R*,S*)-2-(metilamino)-1-fenilpropan-1-ol
Klinički podaci
Drugs.comMonografija
Kategorija trudnoće
  • AU: A
  • US: A (Bez rizika u ispitivanjima na ljudima)
Način primeneoralno, IV, IM, SC
Pravni status
Pravni status
Farmakokinetički podaci
Bioraspoloživost85%
Metabolizamminimalan hepatički
Poluvreme eliminacije3–6 sata
Izlučivanje22-99% renalno
Identifikatori
CAS broj299-42-3 ДаY
ATC kodC01CA26 (WHO) R01AA03 R01AB05 R03CA02 S01FB02 QG04BX90
PubChemCID 5032
IUPHAR/BPS556
DrugBankDB01364 ДаY
ChemSpider8935 ДаY
UNIIGN83C131XS ДаY
KEGGD00124 ДаY
ChEBICHEBI:15407 ДаY
ChEMBLCHEMBL211456 ДаY
Hemijski podaci
FormulaC10H15NO
Molarna masa165,23
  • O[C@H](c1ccccc1)[C@@H](NC)C
  • InChI=1S/C10H15NO/c1-8(11-2)10(12)9-6-4-3-5-7-9/h3-8,10-12H,1-2H3/t8-,10-/m0/s1 ДаY
  • Key:KWGRBVOPPLSCSI-WPRPVWTQSA-N ДаY

Efedrin je simpatomimetički amin koji se koristi kao stimulant, supresant apetita, sredstvo za poboljšanje koncentracije, dekongestiv,ξ i za tretiranje hipotenzije uzrokovane anestezijom.

Efedrin ima sličnu strukturu sa (polusintetičkim) derivatima amfetaminom i metamfetaminom. Hemijski, on je alkaloid izveden iz različitih biljki roda Ephedra (familija Ephedraceae). On deluje prvenstveno putem povećanja aktivnosti noradrenalina na adrenergičke receptore.[1] On je obično u prodaju u obliku hidrohlorida i sulfata.

U tradicionalnoj kineskoj medicini, biljka Ephedra sinica koja sadrži efedrin i pseudoefedrin je jedan od glavnih aktivnih sastojaka. Isto važi za druge biljne proizvode koji sadrže ekstrakte iz drugih biljki Ephedra vrste.

Hemija

Četiri stereoizomera efedrina.

Efedrin ispoljava optički izomerizam i ima dva hiralna centra, te postoje četiri stereoizomera. Po konvenciji par enantiomera sa stereohemijom (1R,2S i 1S,2R) se naziva efedrin, dok se par enantiomera sa stereohemijom (1R,2R i 1S,2S) naziva pseudoefedrin.

Efedrin je supstituisani amfetamin i strukturni analog metamfetamina. On se razlikuje od metamFetamina samo po prisustvu hidroksilne grupe (OH). Amfetamini, su potentniji i imaju dodatne biološke efekte.

Izomer koji je u prodaji kao (–)-(1R,2S)-efedrin.[2]

Efedrin hidrohlorid ima tačku topljenja od 187−188 °C.[3]

Sinteza

Efedrin se može sintetisati iz benzaldehida na nekoliko različitih načina. U prvom se benzaldehid kondenzuje sa nitroetanom, dajući 2-metil-2-nitro-1-feniletanol, koji se redukuje do 2-metil-2-amino-1-feniletanola.[4][5] Neophodni L-izomer se izoluje iz smeše izomera putem kristalizacije. Njegova metilacija daje efedrin.

Drugi metod se sastoji of fermentacije glukoze kvaščanom karboligazom u prisustvu benzaldehida, koji se tokom procesa pretvara u fenilacetilkarbinol. On se zatim redukuje vodonikom u prisustvu metilamina čime se formira efedrin.[6][7]

Reference

  1. ^ Merck Manuals > EPHEDrine Last full review/revision January 2010
  2. ^ Martindale (1989). Edited by Reynolds JEF, ур. Martindale: The complete drug reference (29th изд.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 978-0-85369-210-2. 
  3. ^ Budavari S, editor. The Merck Index: An encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals, 12th edition. Whitehouse Station: Merck
  4. ^ Spath, K. Gohring, Monatsh. Chem., 41, 319 (1920)
  5. ^ Manske, R. H. F.; Johnson, T. B. (1929). Journal of the American Chemical Society. 51 (2): 580. doi:10.1021/ja01377a032.  Недостаје или је празан параметар |title= (помоћ)
  6. ^ W. Klawehn, G. Hilderbrandt, U.S. Patent 1.956.950 (1934)
  7. ^ Merck Chem. Fab. E, DE 469782  (1926)

Vidi još

Spoljašnje veze



Molimo Vas, obratite pažnju na važno upozorenje
u vezi sa temama iz oblasti medicine (zdravlja).

Read other articles:

Brazo de Mercedes Tipo postreConsumoOrigen Filipinas FilipinasDatos generalesIngredientes merengue · crema pastelera · azúcar glas[editar datos en Wikidata] El brazo de Mercedes es un dulce de merengue enrollado, relleno de crema pastelera y espolvoreado con azúcar glas, típico de Filipinas, en particular de los pueblos tagalos, batangueños y pampangueños.[1]​ Se deriva del brazo de gitano español y un tipo de pianono. Origen El postre se remonta a la época colon...

 

Yakushi-ji (薬師寺, Yakushi-ji?) é um dos mais famosos e antigos templos budistas no Japão, que foi um dos Sete Grandes Templos, localizados em Nara. O templo é a sede da escola Hossō do budismo japonês. O Yakushi-ji é um dos locais que são coletivamente inscritos como patrimônio mundial da UNESCO, sob o nome de Monumentos Históricos da Antiga Nara.[1] O principal objeto de veneração, Yakushi Nyorai, também chamado de Buda da Medicina, foi uma das primeiras deidades budistas a ...

 

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2019) تيم ماديسون   معلومات شخصية الميلاد 26 فبراير 1967 (56 سنة)  مواطنة الولايات المتحدة  الحياة العملية المهنة موسيقي،  وكاتب  بوابة الأدب تعديل مصدري - �...

Untuk tempat lain yang bernama sama, lihat Pandan (disambiguasi). PandanDesaKantor Kepala Desa PandanNegara IndonesiaProvinsiSumatera UtaraKabupatenDairiKecamatanSiempat Nempu HuluKode pos22254Kode Kemendagri12.11.07.2007 Luas... km²Jumlah penduduk... jiwaKepadatan... jiwa/km² Pandan merupakan salah satu desa yang ada di kecamatan Siempat Nempu Hulu, Kabupaten Dairi, provinsi Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. Pemerintahan Desa Pandan terdiri dari Dusun Pandan, Pandan II, Telaga Telu, Ujung Pa...

 

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع جورج وليامز (توضيح). هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2019) جورج وليامز معلومات شخصية الميلاد سبتمبر 1879  ويلز  الوفاة 27 يوليو 1916 (36–37 سنة)  سوم  مركز اللعب وسط الج

 

28. Mistrzostwa Europy w Judo w 1979 roku mężczyzn odbyły się w dniach 24 - 27 maja w Brukseli, a kobiety rywalizowały w dniach 5 - 6 kwietnia w Kerkrade. Turniej drużynowy rozegrano 20 października w Brescii. Klasyfikacja medalowa Miejsce Państwo Razem 1  Francja 4 3 4 11 2  ZSRR 4 2 2 8 3  RFN 2 2 6 10 4  Austria 2 0 4 6 5  Włochy 1 3 4 8 6  Wielka Brytania 1 2 3 6 7  Belgia 1 1 1 3 8  Szwajcaria 1 1 0 2 9  NRD 1 0 2 3 10  Holandia ...

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2022. Luiza GegaInformasi pribadiLahir5 November 1988 (umur 35)Dibër, AlbaniaTinggi159 m (521 ft 8 in)Berat45 kg (99 pon) (99 pon) OlahragaNegara AlbaniaOlahragaTrek dan lapanganLombaLari halang rintang 3000m Luiza Gega (...

 

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada April 2012. Alila Hotels & ResortsJenisSwastaIndustriHotelSitus webwww.alilahotels.com Alila Hotels & Resorts merupakan salah satu grup hotel terkemuka di Indonesia. Grup ini didirikan pada tahun 2002. Hotel ini mempekerjakan lebih dari 200 karyawannya. Kota...

 

الانتخابات الرئاسية التونسية 1974  →1969 3 نوفمبر 1974 1989←    المرشح الحبيب بورقيبة الحزب الحزب الاشتراكي الدستوري النسبة المئويّة 100% رئيس الجمهورية التونسية قبل الانتخاب الحبيب بورقيبة الحزب الاشتراكي الدستوري رئيس الجمهورية التونسية المُنتخب الحبيب بورقيبة الحزب ا�...

Award honoring best new attraction Golden Ticket Award for Best New RideAwarded forBest new attraction in both Amusement and Water parksCountryUnited StatesPresented byAmusement TodayFirst awarded2005Currently held bySteel Vengeance (amusement park) Medusa's Slidewheel (water park)Websitegoldenticketawards.com The Golden Ticket Award for Best New Ride is presented by Amusement Today to the best new attraction in the water park industry. The award was presented for best new attraction in both ...

 

Comic book crossover featuring the superhero Batman (2013-2014) Zero Year redirects here. For the year in the Anno Domini system, see 0 (year). Zero YearPublisherDC ComicsPublication dateJune 2013 – July 2014Genre Superhero Title(s)Batman #21-27, 29-33Action Comics #25Batgirl #25Batman Annual #2Batwing #25 Batwoman #25 Birds of Prey #25Catwoman #25Detective Comics #25The Flash #25Green Arrow #25Green Lantern Corps #25Nightwing #25Red Hood and the Outlaws #25 Main characte...

 

United States category of road National Scenic Byways ProgramHighway markerAll-American Roads highlighted with red dots, National Scenic Byways with blue dotsSystem informationFormed1991 (1991)[1]Highway namesInterstatesInterstate nn (I-nn)US HighwaysU.S. Highway nn, U.S. Route nn (US nn)StateVaries by stateSystem links Scenic Byways National National Forest BLM NPS The Frontier Pathways National Scenic and Historic Byway as it passes through Wetmore, Custer County, Colorado...

الشركة الحافظية تقسيم إداري البلد المغرب  الجهة بني ملال خنيفرة الإقليم بني ملال الدائرة بني ملال الجماعة القروية سيدي جابر المشيخة سيدي جابر السكان التعداد السكاني 133 نسمة (إحصاء 2004)   • عدد الأسر 25 معلومات أخرى التوقيت ت ع م±00:00 (توقيت قياسي)[1]،  وت ع م+01:00 (توقيت...

 

Part of the LGBT rights seriesLegal status ofsame-sex unions Marriage Andorra Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Denmark Ecuador Estonia* Finland France Germany Iceland Ireland Luxembourg Malta Mexico Nepal Netherlands1 New Zealand2 Norway Portugal Slovenia South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan United Kingdom3 United States4 Uruguay Civil unions andregistered partnerships Bolivia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Greece Hungary Italy Latvia Lie...

 

Judicial bodies of FIFA FIFA Ethics CommitteeHeadquartersZurichChairman of the Investigatory ChamberMaría Claudia RojasChairman of the Adjudicatory ChamberVassilios Skouris The FIFA Ethics Committee is one of FIFA's three judicial bodies. It is organized in two chambers, the Investigatory Chamber and the Adjudicatory Chamber.[1] Its duties are regulated by several official documents, most importantly the FIFA Code of Ethics. FIFA's other judicial bodies are the Disciplinary Committee...

Former district in Khuzestan province, Iran Not to be confused with Seydun-e Jonubi Rural District or Seydun-e Shomali Rural District.For the administrative division of Khuzestan province, see Seydun County. For the city, see Seydun. Former District in Khuzestan, IranSeydun District Persian: بخش صیدونFormer DistrictSeydun DistrictCoordinates: 31°22′50″N 50°07′25″E / 31.38056°N 50.12361°E / 31.38056; 50.12361[1]Country IranProvinceKhuzes...

 

Negative of a convex function In mathematics, a concave function is the opposite of a convex function. A concave function is also synonymously called concave downwards, concave down, convex upwards, convex cap, or upper convex. Definition A real-valued function f {\displaystyle f} on an interval (or, more generally, a convex set in vector space) is said to be concave if, for any x {\displaystyle x} and y {\displaystyle y} in the interval and for any α ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] {\displaystyle ...

 

Television network in United States aimed at young children This article is about the 24/7 American channel. For the American morning block on Disney Channel, see Disney Junior (programming block). For international versions, see List of Disney Junior TV channels. Television channel Disney JuniorCountryUnited StatesBroadcast areaNationwideHeadquartersBurbank, California, U.S.ProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishSpanish (via SAP audio track)Picture formatHDTV 720p(downscaled to letterboxed 480i for th...

For other uses, see Josefov (disambiguation). Narrow streets of the ghetto, demolished between 1893 and 1913 The Old New Synagogue Josefov (also Jewish Quarter; German: Josefstadt) is a town quarter and the smallest cadastral area of Prague, Czech Republic, formerly the Jewish ghetto of the town. It is surrounded by the Old Town. The quarter is often represented by the flag of Prague's Jewish community, a yellow Magen David (Star of David) on a red field. History Jews are believed to have set...

 

Train station in Meridian, Mississippi, U.S. Meridian, MSGeneral informationOther namesMeridian Multi-Modal Transportation CenterUnion StationLocation1901 Front StreetMeridian, MississippiUnited StatesCoordinates32°21′50″N 88°41′47″W / 32.3639°N 88.6964°W / 32.3639; -88.6964Owned byCity of MeridianLine(s)Alabama Great Southern RailwayMeridian SpeedwayPlatforms2 island platformsTracks3 (2 in use)Connections Amtrak Thruway Greyhound Lines Other informationSta...

 
Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya