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Fosfolipid

Fosfolipid
Polarna grupa molekula je u crvenom polju.
U prikazuje hidrofobnu deo molekula.
Fosfatidil holin je komponenta lecitina. On je takođe izvor holina u sintezi acetilholina u holinergijskim neuronima.

Fosfolipidi su klasa lipida i značajna komponenta svih ćelijskih membrana.[1] Oni mogu da formiraju lipidne dvoslojeve. Većina fosfolipida sadrži diglicerid, fosfatnu grupu, i jednostavni organski molekul kao što je holin. Jedan izuzetak od ovog pravila je sfingomijelin, koji je formiran od sfingozina umesto glicerola. Prvi fosfolipid identifikovan u biološkim tkivima je bio lecitin, ili fosfatidilholin, u žumancetu. Otkrio ga je 1847. godine francuski hemičar i apotekar Teodor Nikolas Gobli.

Amfipatični karakter

„Glava“ fosfolipida je hidrofilna (privlači vodu), dok njihov hidrofobni „rep“ odbija vodu. Hidrofilna glava ima negativno naelektrisanu fosfatnu grupu, a može da sadrži i druge polarne grupe. Hidrofobni rep se obično sastoji od dugačkih masno kiselinskih ugljeno vodoničnih lanaca. U vodi, fosfolipidi formiraju više različitih struktura u zavisnosti od specifičnih osobina fosfolipida. Te specifične osobine omogućavaju fosfolipidima da igraju važnu ulogu u fosfolipidnom dvosloju. U biološkim sistemima, fosfolipidi se često javljaju sa drugim molekulima (npr., proteinima, glikolipidima, i holesterolom) u dvosloju kao što je ćelijska membrana.[2] Lipidni dvoslojevi nastaju kad se hidrofobni repovi slože jedni naspram drugih, formirajući membranu sa hidrofilnim glavama na obe strane okrenute ka vodi.

Tipovi fosfolipida

Diacilgliceridne strukture

Sinteza fosfolipida

Sinteza fosfolipida se odvija u citozolu u okolini ER membrane koja je bogata u proteinima koji učestvuju u sintezi (GPAT i LPAAT acil transferaze, fosfataze i holin fosfotransferaze) i alokacije (flipaze i flopaze). Na kraju vezikule sa fosfolipidima se odvajaju od ER, i prenose se na membrane.[3]

Vidi još

Reference

  1. ^ Donald Voet; Judith G. Voet (2005). Biochemistry (3 изд.). Wiley. ISBN 9780471193500. 
  2. ^ Campbell, Neil A.; Brad Williamson; Robin J. Heyden (2006). Biology: Exploring Life. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-250882-7. 
  3. ^ Lodish, Harvey; Berk, Krieger; Kaiser, Scott; et al. (2008). Molecular Cell Biology. W.H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 978-0-7167-7601-7. Архивирано из оригинала 17. 07. 2011. г. Приступљено 09. 01. 2011. 

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