Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Mineral

Rupa-rupa mineral. Foto ti Survéy Géologi AS.

Mineral hartina sanyawaan alami nu kabentuk tina prosés géologis. Istilah "mineral" teu ukur ngawengku komposisi kimia hiji bahan, tapi ogé struktur mineralna. Mineral bisa mangrupa unsur murni, uyah basajan, nepi ka silikat pajeulit/kompléks nu mibanda réwuan bentuk (sanyawaan organik biasana teu kaasup). Ulikan ngeunaan mineral disebut mineralogi.

Rupa-rupa batu mineral (boh komposit/campuran atawa mineral murni, sok dipaké salaku hiasan alatan kaéndahan kelirna.

Dadaran jeung klasifikasi mineral

Sangkan bisa kagolongkeun mineral "tulén", hiji zat kudu mangrupa padet (solid) sarta mibanda struktur kristal. Ogé kudu mangrupa zat anorganik, produk alam, sarta homogén kalawan komposisi kimiawi anu tangtu. Pikeun conto, plagioclase feldspar mangrupa dérét kontinyu albit nu beunghar natrium (NaAlSi3O8) nepi ka anortit nu beunghar kalsium (CaAl2Si2O8) nu mibanda opat komposisi antara nu geus dipikawanoh. Zat kawas mineral nu teu bisa nedunan sarat di luhur ilahar digolongkeun kana mineraloid, sedengkeun nu séjénna mah sebut baé nonmineral.

Struktur kristal nyaéta susunan spatial géométris atom-atom na struktur jero mineral. There are 14 basic lattice arrangements of atoms in three dimensions in the six crystal systems, and all crystal structures currently recognized fit in one of these 14 arrangements. This crystal structure is based on regular internal atomic or ionic arrangement that is often visible as the mineral form. Even when the mineral grains are too small to see or are irregularly shaped the crystal structure can be determined by x-ray analysis and/or optical microscopy.

Chemistry and crystal structure define together a mineral. In fact, two or more minerals may have the same chemical composition, but differ in crystal structure (these are known as polymorphs). For example, pyrite and marcasite are both iron sulfide. Similarly, some minerals have different chemical compositions, but the same crystal structure: for example, halite (made from sodium and chlorine), galena (made from lead and sulfur) and periclase (made from magnesium and oxygen) all share the same cubic crystal structure.

Crystal structure gréatly influences a mineral's physical properties. For example, though diamond and graphite have the same composition (both are pure carbon), graphite is very soft, while diamond is the hardest of all known minerals.

There are currently just over 4,000 known minerals, according to the International Mineralogical Association, which is responsible for the approval of and naming of new mineral species found in nature.

Mineral jeung batu

Mineral mangrupa zat anorganik alami nu komposisi kimia jeung struktur kristainna tangtu. Batu mangrupa agrégat tina sahanteuna dua mineral (bisa ogé ngandung sésa-sésa organik). Kandungan mineral na batu bisa rupa-rupa pisan. Sababaraha rupa mineral kayaning quartz, mika, atawa féldspar mah biasa, ari nu séjénna kadang ukur bisa kapanggih hiji atawa dua tempat di sakuliah dunya.

Pasipatan fisik

Klasifikasi mineral bisa dibasajankeun, bisa ogé pajeujeut. Mineral bisa dicirikeun dumasar sababaraha pasipatan fisik, di antarana cukup sampurna pikeun idéntifikasi tanpa ayana equivocation. Dina kasus séjén, mineral ngan bisa diklasifikasikeun ku analisis kimia atawa difraksi sinar-X nu leuwih pajeulit; hanjakal, métode ieu kadang méakkeun béaya jeung waktu nu teu saeutik, jaba bisa ngaruksak sampelna deuih.

Pasipatan fisik nu ilahar dipaké nyaéta:

  • Struktur jeung watek kristal: See the above discussion of crystal structure. A mineral may show good crystal habit or form, or it may be massive, granular or compact with only microscopically visible crystals.
  • Teuasna: the physical hardness of a mineral is usually méasured according to the Mohs scale of mineral hardness.
  • Luster indicates the way a mineral's surface interacts with light and can range from dull to glassy (vitréous).
  • Warna indicates the appéarance of the mineral in reflected light or transmitted light for translucent minerals (i.e. what it looks like to the naked eye).
  • Streak refers to the color of the powder a mineral léaves after rubbing it on an unglazed porcelain streak plate.
  • Cleavage describes the way a mineral may come apart or cléave in different ways. In thin section, cléavage is visible as thin parallel lines across a mineral.
  • Fracture describes how a mineral bréaks when broken contrary to its natural cléavage planes.
  • Specific gravity relates the mineral mass to the mass of an equal volume of water, namely the density of the material.
  • Pasipatan séjén: fluorescence (response to ultraviolet light), magnetism, radioactivity, tenacity (response to mechanical induced changes of shape or form), and réactivity to dilute acids.

Pasipatan kimia

Mineral bisa digolongkeun dumasar komposisi kimiana, nyaéta dumasar gugus anionna. Béréndélan di handap ieu minangka susunan dumasar kaayaanana dina kulit Marcapada, dumasar kana sistim klasifikasi Dana.

Kelas silikat

Kelompok mineral pangbadagna nyaéta silikat, nu utamana diwangun ku silikon jeung oksigén, ditambah ion-ion aluminium, magnésium, beusi, jeung kalsium. Silikat nu ilahar ngabentuk batu nyaéta féldspar, quartz, olivin, piroksin, amfiibola, garnet, jeung mika.

Kelas karbonat

Karbonat diwangun ku mineral-mineral nu ngandung anion (CO3)2-, di antarana kalsit jeung aragonit (duanana kalsium karbonat), dolomit (magnésium/kalsium karbonat) jeung siderit (beusi karbonat). Karbonat ilaharna kapendem dina batuan sagara nalika cangkang jasad plangton nu paraéh numpuk na dadasar sagara. Karbonat ogé aya dina sésa uapan (misalna di Great Salt Lake, Utah) jeung di wewengkon karst, di mana disolusi jeung réprésipitasi karbonat ngabalukarkeun formasi guha, stalaktit jeung stalagmit. Kelas karbonat ogé ngawengku mineral nitrat jeung borat.

Kelas sulfat

Sakabéh sulfat ngandung anion sulfat, dina bentuk SO42-. Sulfat ilaharna kabentuk di lingkungan uapan dina cai nu kadar uyahna luhur nguap lalaunan, antukna ngamungkinkeun formasi sulfat jeung halida dina antara sédimén-cai. Sulfat ogé dihasilkeun dina sistim saluran hidrotermal as gangue minerals along with sulfide ore minerals. Nu séjénna di antarana hasil oksidasi sekundér tina mineral sulfida. Sulfat nu umum di antarana anhidrit (kalsium sulfat), selestit (strontium sulfat), barit (barium sulfat), jeung gipsum (kalsium sulfat caian). Kelas sulfat ogé ngawengku mineral kromat, molibdat, selenat, sulfit, telurat, jeung tungstat.

Kelas halida

Halida nyaéta kelompok mineral nu ngabentuk uyah alami kaasup fluorit (kalsium fluorida), halit (natrium klorida), silvit (kalium klorida), jeung sal amoniak (amonium klorida). Halida, kawas sulfat, ilaharna aya di lingkungan uapan kawas talaga playa jeung sagara nu kakurung lemah kawas Laut Paéh jeung Talaga Gréat Salt. Kelas halida ngawengku mineral fluorida, klorida, jeung iodida.

Kelas oksida

Oksida penting pisan dina widang pertambangan, nyaéta pikeun ngékstraksi logam. Oksida biasana kapanggih dina bentuk bijih teu jero dina lemah, hasil oksidasi mineral séjén in the néar surface weathering zone, and as accessory minerals in ignéous rocks of the crust and mantle. Oksida nu ilahar di antarana hématit (oksida beusi), oksida beusi magnétit, kromit (oksida kromium), spinel (oksida magnésium aluminium), rutila (titanium dioksida), jeung és (hidrogén oksida). Kelas oksida ogé ngawengku mineral oksida jeung hidroksida.

Kelas sulfida

Kelas sulfida loba nu sacara ékonomis luhur ajénna, utamana salaku bijih beusi. Sulfida nu ilahar, di antarana pirit (sulfida beusi), kalkopirit (sulfida beusi tambaga), jeung galéna (sulfida timbal). Kelas sulfida ogé ngawengku selenida, telurida, arsénida, antimonida, bismutinida, jeung sulfosalt (walirang jeung anion kadua modél arsénik).

Kelas fosfat

Golongan mineral fosfat sabenerna ngawengku mineral naon waé nu mibanda unit tétrahédral AO4; A bisa mangrupa fosfor, antimony, arsén, atawa vanadium. Fosfat nu paling umum nyaéta apatit nu mangrupa mineral biologis penting nu aya na huntu jeung tulang sato. Nu kaasup kelas fosfat di antarana mineral fosfat, arsénat, vanadat, jeung antimonat.

Kelas unsur

Nu kaasup kelompok unsur di antarana logam jeung unsur antarlogam (emas, pérak, tambaga), semi-logam, jeung non-logam (antimony, bismut, grafit, walirang). Kelompok ieu ogé ngawengku alloy alami, kayaning éléktrum (alloy alami emas jeung pérak), fosfida, silikida, nitrida, jeung karbida (nu alami mah biasana ngan kapanggih dina météorit).

Baca ogé

Tumbu kaluar

Rujukan

Read other articles:

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Jerman (disambiguasi). Republik Federal Jerman beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk negara pada tahun 1949 hingga tahun 1990, lihat Jerman Barat. Republik Federal JermanBundesrepublik Deutschland (Jerman) Bendera Lambang Semboyan: —Lagu kebangsaan:  Deutschlandlied (Indonesia: Himne Nasional Jerman) Perlihatkan BumiPerlihatkan peta EropaPerlihatkan peta BenderaLokasi  Jerman  (hijau gelap)– di Eropa  (hijau & abu-abu)–...

 

Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean 1998 Pacific hurricane seasonSeason summary mapSeasonal boundariesFirst system formedJune 11, 1998Last system dissipatedOctober 26, 1998Strongest stormNameHoward • Maximum winds150 mph (240 km/h)(1-minute sustained) • Lowest pressure932 mbar (hPa; 27.52 inHg) Seasonal statisticsTotal depressions16Total storms13Hurricanes9Major hurricanes(Cat. 3+)6Total fatalities54 totalTotal damage$760 million (1998 USD)Related articles 1998 Atlan...

 

Zagorka Cup  ATP Challenger Tour Nama turnamenSofiaLokasiSofia, BulgariaKategoriATP Challenger TourPermukaanTanah liat merahJumlah peserta32T/32K/16GHadiah uang€85,000 Czech Ivo Minář memenangkan gelar kedua Challengernya setelah mengalahkan Florian Mayer di Sofia tahun 2009Zagorka Cup adalah turnamen tenis profesional yang dimainkan di permukaan tanah liat merah terbuka. Turnamen ini merupakan bagian dari Association of Tenis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour. Turnamen ini diselen...

Engraving objects using lasers This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Laser engraving – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2010) (L...

 

1928 film A Woman Against the WorldPosterDirected byGeorge ArchainbaudWritten byFanny HattonFrederic HattonGertrude OrrStory byAlbert S. Le VinoProduced byJohn M. StahlStarringHarrison FordGeorgia HaleLee MoranCinematographyChester A. Lyons (*French)Edited byDesmond O'BrienProductioncompanyTiffany PicturesDistributed byTiffany PicturesRelease date January 1, 1928 (1928-01-01) Running time60 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageSilent (English intertitles) A Woman Against the Worl...

 

Serangan DoolittleBagian dari Perang Dunia II, Perang PasifikSebuah B-25 lepas landas dari Hornet untuk serangan tersebutTanggalSabtu, 18 April 1942LokasiTokyo dan kota-kota Jepang lainnyaHasil Kemenangan propaganda AS Tidak ada efek militer yang signifikanPihak terlibat  Amerika Serikat  Kekaisaran JepangTokoh dan pemimpin James H. Doolittle Pangeran Naruhiko HigashikuniKekuatan 16 B-25 Mitchell 80 tentara angkatan laut (52 perwira, 28 tamtama) 2 pesawat penjelajah 4 kapal penjelaj...

American baseball player and manager (1917–2010) Baseball player Bobby BraganBragan as manager of the Braves in 1963.Shortstop / Catcher / ManagerBorn: (1917-10-30)October 30, 1917Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.Died: January 21, 2010(2010-01-21) (aged 92)Fort Worth, Texas, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutApril 16, 1940, for the Philadelphia PhilliesLast MLB appearanceJune 27, 1948, for the Brooklyn DodgersMLB statisticsBatting average.240Home runs15Runs ba...

 

There is currently no official coat of arms for the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The federation is part of the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Former coat of arms Coat of arms of the Federation of Bosnia and HerzegovinaArmigerFederation of Bosnia and HerzegovinaAdopted1996BlazonThe coat of arms is in the shape of a shield. The shield is always outlined with a golden-yellow colour, except for the Croatian Coat of arms, which is outlined in red. The shield is separated into 2 halves i...

 

French historian You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (May 2017) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the E...

Whoami whoami là một lệnh xuất hiện trên hầu hết các hệ điều hành giống Unix, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows Server 2003, và Windows Server 2008. Nó bắt nguồn từ cụm tiếng Anh Who am I? (tôi là ai), có chức năng xuất ra tên tài khoản người dùng đang đăng nhập. Lệnh có chức năng tương tự với lệnh Unix id -un. Trong các hệ điều hành giống Unix, đầu ra của lệnh hơi khác với $USER vì whoami xuất ra tê...

 

заклад вищої освіти Літературний інститут імені О. М. ГорькогоНазва на честь Максим Горький 55°45′44″ пн. ш. 37°36′08″ сх. д. / 55.76247222002777448° пн. ш. 37.602250000027773069° сх. д. / 55.76247222002777448; 37.602250000027773069Координати: 55°45′44″ пн. ш. 37°36′08″ сх. д. ...

 

Semi-aquatic species of the spiny rat family For the colour, see Nutria (colour). Coypu redirects here. For the boat, see Coypu (dinghy). NutriaTemporal range: Late Pliocene – Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Echimyidae Subfamily: Echimyinae Tribe: Myocastorini Genus: Myocastor Species: M. coypu...

This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) FS Class 691FS locomotive 691.022 as preserved at the Museo nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci, MilanType and originPower typeSteamRebuilderFS workshops,Ernesto BredaRebuild date1928–1934SpecificationsConfiguration:&#x...

 

West African ethnic group EweEʋe, EʋeawóEwe artworkTotal populationc. 10.3 millionRegions with significant populations Ghana6 million Togo3.1 million Benin600,000[1] Nigeria580,000[2][circular reference]LanguagesEwe, French, EnglishReligionChristianity (50%),[3] West African VodunRelated ethnic groupsOther Gbe peoplesYorubaGaDangme FonGenPhla PheraAjaGun PersonEʋePeopleEʋeawóLanguageEʋegběCountryEʋenyígbá The Ewe people (/ˈeɪ.we...

 

Railway station in Goa, India Loliem Railway StationRegional rail and Light rail stationGeneral informationLocationMashem Loliem, Canacona taluk, South Goa, GoaIndiaCoordinates14°56′21″N 74°05′18″E / 14.9393°N 74.0883°E / 14.9393; 74.0883Elevation27 metres (89 ft)Owned byIndian RailwaysOperated byKonkan RailwayLine(s)Konkan RailwayPlatforms1Tracks2ConstructionStructure typeStandard (on-ground station)AccessibleYesOther informationStatusFunctioningStati...

Monumental sculpture in Ksar Hellal, TunisiaEvolution of Textile MonumentNative name Arabic: نصب صناعة النسيج بقصر هلالحمامةThe Evolution of Textile Monument, front view.TypeMonumental sculptureLocationKsar Hellal, TunisiaCoordinates35°39′10″N 10°52′51″E / 35.65278°N 10.88083°E / 35.65278; 10.88083Height11 metres (36 ft)Built1997SculptorAbdelfattah BoussettaLocation of Evolution of Textile Monument in Tunisia The Evolution of...

 

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Ротор. Ро́тор, рота́ция[источник не указан 1195 дней] или вихрь — векторный дифференциальный оператор над векторным полем. Обозначается разными способами: rot {\displaystyle \operatorname {rot} } (наиболее распространено в русскояз�...

 

Bukan Salah CintaGenre Drama Roman PembuatTripar Multivision PlusBerdasarkanSino ang Maysala?: Mea Culpaoleh Keiko AquinoSutradara Sanjay Verma Irwan Ibon Ranto Chin Bayu Chaki Teguh Prayogi Sridhar Jetty Pemeran Mayang Yudittia Miqdad Addausy Ririn Dwi Ariyanti Krisjiana Baharudin Raquel Katie Larkin Bima Samudra Tessa Kaunang Dini Vitri Ihsan Tarore Pangky Suwito Krisna Murti Wibowo Penggubah lagu temaTiti DJ feat. Agnez MoLagu pembukaHanya Cinta yang Bisa — Titi DJ feat. Agnez MoLagu pen...

The following is a list of episodes of Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!, NPR's news panel game, that aired during 2000. The episodes, unless otherwise indicated, were hosted by Peter Sagal, with Carl Kasell serving as announcer and scorekeeper. Dates indicated are the episodes' original Saturday air dates. Job titles and backgrounds of the guests reflect their status at the time of their appearance. Contents Top January February March April May June July August September October November December ...

 

German card game SchröömenThe highest card in each suit is the 10OriginGermanyAlternative namesnumerous – see textTypePlain-trickPlayers2–8 (4 usual)Cards32DeckFrench-suited Skat packRank (high→low)10 9 8 7 A K Q JRelated gamesToepen Siebenschräm, Sibbeschröm or Schröömen is a fast-paced, German card game from the Eifel region that is unusual in that the winner of the last trick wins the hand. It may be played by two to eight players, but four is normal. Siebenschräm has been pla...

 
Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya