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Tammany Hall

Tammany Hall på East 14th Street, New York, mellan Third Avenue och Irving Place

Tammany Hall var en partiapparat (engelska: political machine) för det demokratiska partiet i staden New York från 1790-talet till 1960-talet. Under 80 år, från 1850-talet till 1930-talet, dominerade Tammany Hall politiken i New York.

Organisationen grundades 1789 som Tammany Society och var från början ett välgörenhetssällskap. I början av 1800-talet omvandlade Aaron Burr sällskapet till en politisk partimaskin. Tammany stödde presidentkandidaten Andrew Jackson och när han vann valen 1828 och 1832 blev organisationen en ledande kraft för demokraterna i New York City. 1830 inrättades högkvarteret på East 14th Street i en byggnad som hette Tammany Hall och därifrån fick gruppen sitt namn. Under 1830- och 1840-talen förstärkte Tammany Hall sin makt ytterligare genom att få ett starkt stöd från invandrare, speciellt irländare. Organisationen hjälpte nyanlända immigranter att få jobb, bostad och medborgarskap med mera, mot att de i utbyte skulle rösta på Tammanys kandidater. Tammany Hall blev på det sättet urtypen för de politiska partimaskiner som växte fram i USA:s storstäder.

Från 1850-talet kontrollerade Tammany Hall helt det demokratiska partiet i staden New York genom ett ytterst korrumperat bossvälde. William M. Tweeds ökänt korrupta styre (1858-1871) ledde till försök till reformer, initierade av Samuel J. Tilden, men Tammany lyckades ändå överleva.

Först på 1930-talet försvagades organisationen, då den bekämpades av Franklin D. Roosevelt, som hade blivit president 1932, och New Yorks borgmästare Fiorello LaGuardia. De sociala reformerna inom New Deal, liksom kvinnlig rösträtt och restriktioner på invandring minskade väljarnas beroende av Tammany Hall-maskinen, vilket också bidrog till nedgången.

Trots motgångarna fick Tammany Hall en kort renässans på 1950-talet. Den leddes då av Carmine DeSapio, som ordnade så att Robert F. Wagner, Jr. blev borgmästare 1953 och så att Averell Harriman valdes till guvernör 1954. DeSapio lyckades också hindra Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr. från att bli statsåklagare för delstaten New York. Eleanor Roosevelt, som höll DeSapio ansvarig för sin sons förlust i valet, gick ihop med Herbert Lehman och Thomas Finletter för att bekämpa Tammanys boss, och de fick honom avsatt 1961. Tammany Halls makt minskade snabbt och vid mitten av 1960-talet hade den upphört helt.

Ledare (Grand Sachem)

Datum Namn
1789-1797 William Mooney
1797–1804 Aaron Burr
1804–1814 Teunis Wortmann
1814–1817 George Buckmaster
1817–1822 Jacob Barker
1822–1827 Stephen Allen
1827–1828 Mordecai M. Noah
1828–1835 Walter Bowne
1835–1842 Isaac Varian
1842–1848 Robert H. Morris
1848–1850 Isaac V. Fowler
1850–1856 Fernando Wood
1857–1858 Isaac V. Fowler
1858 Fernando Wood
1858–1859 William M. Tweed och Isaac V. Fowler
1859–1867 William M. Tweed och Richard B. Connolly
1867–1871 William M. Tweed
1872 John Kelly och John Morrissey
1872–1886 John Kelly
1886–1902 Richard Croker
1902 Lewis Nixon
1902 Charles F. Murphy, Daniel F. McMahon och Louis F. Haffen
1902–1924 Charles F. Murphy
1924–1929 George W. Olvany
1929–1934 John F. Curry
1934–1937 James J. Dooling
1937–1942 Christopher D. Sullivan
1942 Charles H. Hussey
1942–1944 Michael J. Kennedy
1944–1947 Edward V. Loughlin
1947–1948
1948–1949 Hugo E. Rogers
1949–1961 Carmine G. DeSapio

Referenser

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