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Aristokrasya

Ang aristokrasya (Griyego: ἀριστοκρατία aristokratía, mula sa ἄριστος aristos 'napakahusay', at κράτος, kratos 'pamamahala')[1] o kamarhalikaan[N 1] ay isang uri ng pamahalaan na nilalagay ang kapangyarihan sa mga kamay ng isang maliit, may pribilehiyong namumunong uri, mga aristokrata o taong maharlika.[2] Hinango ang katawagang aristokrasya mula sa salitang Griyego na aristokratia, na nangangahulugang 'pamahalaan ng pinakamahusay'.[3]

Sa panahon ng sinaunang Gresya na pinagmulan ng salita, inisip ng mga Griyego ito bilang pamahalaan ng pinakakuwalipikadong mga mamamayan—at kadalasang sinasalungat nito ang pinapaborang monarkiya, na pinamumunuan ng isang indibiduwal. Unang ginamit ang katawagan ng mga sinaunang Griyego tulad nina Aristotle at Plato. Ginamit nila ang naturang salita upang isalarawan ang isang sistema kung saan ang mga pinakamagagaling na mga mamamayan lamang, na pinili sa pamamagitan ng maingat na proseso ng pagpili, ang magiging pinuno, at bawal ang minanang pamumuno, maliban lamang kung taglay ng mga anak ang mas mahusay na katangian na akma sa pamumuno kumpara sa ibang mga mamamayan alang sa kaayusan ng pamahalaan.[4][5][6] Mas kaugnay ng "minanang pamumuno" ang konteksto ng oligarkiya, isang masamang anyo ng aristokrasya kung saan pinamumunuan ng iilan, ngunit hindi sila mahuhusay. Isinaalang-alang nina Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, Henoponte at mga Sparta ang aristokrasya (ang mainam na anyo ng pamamahala ng iilan) na likas na mas mabuti kaysa demokrasya (mainam na anyo ng nakakarami). Subalit tinuturing din nila na ang masamang anyo ng aristokrasya (oligarkiya) ay mas malala pa kaysa sa masamang anyo ng demokrasya (oklokrasya).[4][5][6][7][8] Nag-ugat ang paniniwalang ito sa palagay na ang masa lamang ang makakagawa ng katamtamang polisiya, kung sila nga ay pinakakamahusay na mga indibiduwal.[6] Ginamit sa paglaong pagsusuri ni Polibio sa Konstitusyong Romano ang konsepto ng aristokrasya upang isalarawan ang kanyang pagkakaintindi ng isang republika bilang isang pinaghalong anyo ng pamahalaan, kasama ng demokrasya at monarkiya sa pagkakaintindi mula doon, bilang isang sistema ng mga pagsuri at pagtimbang (checks and balances), kung saan sinusuri ng bawat elemento ang pagmamalabis ng bawat isa.[9]

Sa makabagong panahon, kadasalang nakikita ang aristokrasya bilang pamahalaan na pinamumunuan ng isang may pribilehiyong pangkat, ang uring aristokratiko, at tinataliwas sa demokrasya.[2]

Mga pananda

  1. Ang salitang maharlika ay dating tumutukoy sa gitnang uri ng sinaunang lipunang Tagalog. Noong panahon ng pagkakatatag ng Kilusang Bagong Lipunan sa Pilipinas, ginamit ni dating Pangulong Ferdinand E. Marcos ang katagang "maharlika" sa kahulugang dugong bughaw o aristokrasya ng sinaunang lipunang Pilipino. Dahil dito, naging madalas ang paggamit sa maharlika sa makabagong panahon sa kahulugang "marangal" o "dugong bughaw" ngunit ang tamang termino para dito ay ang antas at lipi ng "Maginoo".


Mga sanggunian

  1. Santos, Vito C.; Santos, Luningning E. (1995). New Vicassan's English-Pilipino Dictionary. Nilathala at eksklusibong pinapamahagi ng Anvil Pub. p. 56. ISBN 978-971-27-0349-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  2. 2.0 2.1 "Aristocracy". Oxford English Dictionary (sa wikang Ingles). Disyembre 1989. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong Hunyo 29, 2011. Nakuha noong Disyembre 22, 2009.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  3. A Greek–English Lexicon, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, Henry Stuart Jones, Roderick McKenzie (editors). "ἀριστο-κρᾰτία, ἡ, A, rule of the best, aristocracy, ἀ. σώφρων Th.3.82, cf. Henoch.5.17, Isyll.1, etc.; the rule of the rich, Pl.Plt.301a. II ideal constitution, rule of the best, Artist. Pol.1293b1 sqq., EN1160a33, Pl.Mx.238c, 238d, Plb.6.4.3." http://logeion.uchicago.edu/%E1%BC%80%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1 (sa Ingles)
  4. 4.0 4.1 Aristotle. Politics (sa wikang Ingles). Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 2011-06-29. Nakuha noong 2021-08-05.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  5. 5.0 5.1 Plato. The Republic (sa wikang Ingles). Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 2011-04-11. Nakuha noong 2021-08-05.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 Plato. The Statesman (sa wikang Ingles).
  7. Xenophon. The Polity of the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians (sa wikang Ingles).
  8. Plutarch. "The Life of Lycurgus". The Parallel Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans (sa wikang Ingles). Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 2011-05-24. Nakuha noong 2021-08-05.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  9. Polybius. "The Roman Republic Compared with Others, Book VI, Section 43". The Histories (sa wikang Ingles).

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