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Amfoter

Amfoter, oksit ve hidroksitleri asidik ve bazik karakterleri bir arada taşıyan element veya bileşikler.[1] Amfoter maddeler hem asitlerle hem de bazlarla tepkimeye girerler. Metal ve yarı metallerin bir kısmı, aminoasitler ve proteinler amfoterik özellik gösterirler.

Bir elementin oksit veya hidroksitinin amfoterliği, elektronegatiflik şiddeti ve dolayısıyla periyodik cetveldeki yeri ile ilgilidir. Elektronegatifliği en düşük olan IA ve IIA gruplarının element oksit ve hidroksitleri kuvvetli bazik özellik gösterir: NaOH (Sodyum hidroksit), Ca(OH)2 (Kalsiyum hidroksit), K2O (Potasyum oksit), MgO (Magnezyum oksit) vb.

Periyodik cetvelin orta kısmında kalan elementlerin ortalama bir elektronegatifliğe sahip olmaları bunların; oksit, hidroksit, hatta bazılarının sülfitlerinin amfoter özellik göstermelerindendir.

Amfoter özellik taşıyan elementler: Zn, Cr, Al, Sn, Pb, Be, Ga'dur. Ayrıca bu elementlerin oksitleri de amfoter özellik taşır.

Zn(OH)2 + 2 OH- → [Zn(OH)4]2- (1)

Zn(OH)2 + 2 H+ → Zn2+ + 2H2O (2)

Zn(OH)2 (çinko hidroksit), birinci tepkimede baza karşı asidik, ikinci tepkimede aside karşı bazik özellik göstermiştir.

  • Berilyum Hidroksit
         o Asidik ortamda: Be(OH)2 + 2HCl → BeCl2 + 2H2O
         o bazik ortamda : Be(OH)2 + 2NaOH → Na2Be(OH)4
   * Kurşun Oksit
         o Asidik ortamda: PbO + 2HCl → PbCl2 + H2O
         o Bazik ortamda : PbO + Ca(OH)2 +H2O → Ca2+[Pb(OH)4]2-

Etimoloji

Amfoter, Yunanca “her ikisi” anlamına gelen amphoteroi (ἀμφότεροι) kelimesinden türetilmiştir. Asit-baz kimyasındaki ilgili kelimeler amfikromatik ve amfikroiktir, her ikisi de bir asitle reaksiyona girdiğinde bir renk, bir baz ile reaksiyona girdiğinde başka bir renk veren asit-baz indikatörleri gibi maddeleri tanımlar.[2]

Kaynakça

  1. ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2. basım (the "Gold Book") (1997). Düzeltilmiş çevrimiçi sürümü:  (2006-) "amphoteric".
  2. ^ Penguin Science Dictionary 1994, Penguin Books

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