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Ernest Hemingway

Ernest Hemingway
Tavalludi 21-iyul 1899[1][2][3]
Vafoti 2-iyul 1961[4][2][3]
Ijod qilgan tillari Ingliz tili[5], Fransuz tili va Ispan tili
Fuqaroligi AQSh
Imzosi

Ernest Hemingway (talaffuzi: Ernest Heminguey; 1899-yil 21-iyul, OkPark, Chikago yaqinida — 1961-yil 2-iyul, Ketchem, Aydaxo shtati) — amerikalik yozuvchi. 1917-yildan Kanzas Sifatida jurnalistreportyor sifatida ish boshlagan. Birinchi jahon urushi qatnashchisi (1914-1918). Hemingway 1928-yilgacha Parijda, 1939-1960-yillarda Kubada yashagan. Dastlabki hikoyalar kitobi — „Bizning zamonda“ (1924). „Quyosh chiqadi“ (1926, inglizcha nashrlarda „Fiyesta“ nomi bilan chop etilgan), „Alvido, qurol!“ (1929) romanlarida urushning bemisol mantiqsizliklari, inson haqhuquqlari, erkiga tajovuz, ayni paytda, insoniy mardlik, qadrqimmat va muhabbatning har qanday yovuz kuchlardan ustunligi yorqin ifodalangan.

1930-yillarning 1-yarmida Hemingway ijodida tushkunlikni kuzatish mumkin. Shu davrda yozuvchi hayot yoʻlini qayta mulohaza qilib koʻrishga, oʻz ijodining muayyan yoʻnalishlarini aniqlashga intiladi. Natijada „Peshindan keyingi oʻlim“ (1932), „Afrikaning yashil tepaliklari“ (1935), „Gʻolibga bayroq berilmaydi“ (1933) hikoyalar toʻplami dunyo yuzini koʻradi. „Hoʻkizning shoxi“, „Frensis Makomberning baxti“, „Kilimanjaro qorlari“ (1936) hikoyalari, „Toʻqchilik va yoʻqchilik“ (1937) romanida Hemingway ijodiy yuksalishi koʻzga tashlanadi. Hemingway asarlarida dastlabki jurnalistik kuzatuv oʻrnini tahliliy, qiyosiy mulohaza va mushohadalar egallaydi. U har qanday urushni qoralaydi, shu tufayli insoniyat aziyat chekayotganiga eʼtibor qaratadi. Inson huquqlari yoʻlida, ozodlik kurashida yolgʻiz maydonga tushishning halokatli oqibatlarga olib kelishini oddiy kishilar obrazi orqali ifodalaydii.

Hemingway 1931—1939-yillari ispan xalqining milliy ozodlik kurashida harbiy muxbir sifatida qatnashadi. Shu yillarda uning bir necha ocherk va reportajlari, „Motam qoʻngʻirogʻi“ (1940) romani chop etiladi. Bu asarlardagi qahramonlar xalq ozodligi yoʻlida fashizmga qarshi kurashadilar, insoniyat taqdiri uchun oʻzlarining masʼul ekanliklarini qalban his etadilar, kishilar bilan birga iztirobga tushadilar, xavf-xatardan qutulish choralarini izlaydilar.

Amerikalik yozuvchi oʻzining Gadsbi kitobi bilan tanilgan, 50 000 (ellik ming) soʻzdan iborat romanida kirish va oxiridagi eslatmadan tashqari „e“ harfini ishlatmagan. (1939-yil)

Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyin Hemingway ijodida yangi davr boshlangan. Biroq bu davrda yozilgan „Xavfli yoz“ va „Okeandagi orollar“ romanlari avvalgilariga qaraganda badiiy jihatdan ancha boʻsh asarlar sanaladi. Lekin maʼlum muddat oʻtib, Hemingway insonning ruhiy xolatini tadqiq etish bilan jamiyatdagi mavjud vaziyatni ochib berishga qodir asarlarni yaratdi. Badiiy jihatdan ancha yuksak boʻlgan „Daryoning naryogʻida, daraxtlar soyasida“ (1950) romani, „Chol va dengiz“ (1952) qissasi Hemingwayga katta shuhrat keltirdi. Hemingway 20-asrda oʻzigagina xos boʻlgan qatʼiy xolislikka asoslangan xarakterli uslubni yaratdiki, keyinchalik Amerika qitʼasidan yetishib chiqqan yozuvchilar bu uslubga tez-tez murojaat qiladigan boʻlishdi. „Chol va dengiz“, „Alvido, qurol!“ va boshqa asarlari oʻzbek tiliga tarjima qilingan. Nobel mukofoti laureati (1954) boʻlgan[6].

Ta'sir va merosi

Xemingueyning Amerika adabiyotiga qoldirgan merosi uning uslubidir: undan keyin kelgan yozuvchilar yo taqlid qilgan yoki o'zlarini bu uslubdan olib qochishgan. Uning obro'si "Quyosh ham chiqmoqda" nashri bilan mustahkamlangandan so'ng, u birinchi jahon urushidan keyingi avlod vakillarining matbuot kotibi bo'lib, unga ergashish uslubini o'rnatdi. Uning kitoblari 1933 yilda Berlinda "zamonaviy tanazzul yodgorligi" sifatida yoqib yuborilgan va ota-onasi tomonidan rad etilgan. Reynoldsning ta’kidlashicha, “[Xeminguey] hikoya va romanlarni shu qadar ta’sirchan qoldirganki, ba’zilari madaniy merosimizning bir qismiga aylangan”

Uning ta'siri darajasi Xeminguey va uning asarlariga doimiy va xilma-xil o'lponlardan ko'rinadi. 3656 Xeminguey, 1978 yilda sovet astronomi Nikolay Chernix tomonidan kashf etilgan kichik sayyora Xeminguey sharafiga nomlanadi va 2009 yilda Merkuriydagi krater ham uning sharafiga nomlandi. Rey Bredberining Kilimanjaro qurilmasi Xemingueyni Kilimanjaro tog‘ining cho‘qqisiga olib chiqqani tasvirlangan,[79] 1993-yilda suratga olingan Ernest Xemingueyning “Wrestling” kinofilmi Floridaning dengiz bo‘yidagi shaharchasida Robert Duvall va Richard Xarris o‘ynagan ikki nafaqadagi erkakning do‘stligini o‘rgangan. Uning ta'siri uning nomi bilan atalgan ko'plab restoranlarda va "Garry's" deb nomlangan barlarning ko'payishidan yaqqol ko'rinib turadi. Xemingueyning o'g'li Jek (Bumbi) otasini sharaflagan mebellar qatorini targ'ib qiladi, Montblanc Xeminguey favvorasini yaratdi, va Xemingueydan ilhomlangan bir necha qator kiyim-kechaklar ishlab chiqariladi. 1977 yilda Xemingueyga taqlid qilish xalqaro tanlovi uning o'ziga xos uslubi va havaskor mualliflarning unga taqlid qilishdagi kulgili sa'y-harakatlarini e'tirof etish uchun tashkil etilgan; abituriyentlar bitta "haqiqatan ham yomon Xemingueyning juda yaxshi sahifasini" topshirishlari tavsiya etiladi va g'oliblar Italiyadagi Garri Bariga olib ketiladi.

Meri Xeminguey 1965-yilda Xeminguey jamg‘armasiga asos solgan va 1970-yillarda erining qog‘ozlarini Jon Kennedi kutubxonasiga sovg‘a qilgan. 1980 yilda bir guruh Xeminguey olimlari hadya qilingan hujjatlarni baholash uchun yig'ilishdi va keyinchalik Xeminguey stipendiyasini qo'llab-quvvatlash va qo'llab-quvvatlashga sodiq bo'lgan Xeminguey jamiyatini tuzdilar. Xeminguey sharafiga sanʼat va madaniyat sohasidagi muhim yutuqlarni eʼtirof etish uchun koʻplab mukofotlar, jumladan, Xeminguey fondi/PEN mukofoti va Xeminguey mukofoti taʼsis etilgan.

2012 yilda u Chikago adabiy shon-shuhrat zaliga kiritildi.

Xeminguey vafotidan deyarli 35 yil o'tgach, 1996 yil 1 iyulda uning nevarasi Margo Xeminguey Kaliforniyaning Santa-Monika shahrida vafot etadi. Margo supermodel va aktrisa bo'lib, singlisi Mariel bilan 1976 yilda "Lipstick" filmida rol o'ynagan. Keyinchalik uning o'limi o'z joniga qasd qilish natijasida o'lim deb topildi.

Xeminguey bilan bog'liq uchta uy AQShning tarixiy joylar milliy reestriga kiritilgan: Ernest Xeminguey kotteji, Michigan, Vallon ko'lidagi, 1968 yilda belgilangan; Ki-Vestdagi Ernest Xeminguey uyi, 1968 yilda belgilangan; va Ketchumdagi Ernest va Meri Xeminguey uyi, 2015 yilda belgilangan. Xemingueyning Oak Parkdagi bolalik uyi va Gavanadagi qarorgohi ham muzeyga aylantirilgan.

2021-yilning 5-aprelida Xemingueyning PBS telekanalida Xeminguey hayoti, mehnati va muhabbati aks ettirilgan uch epizod, olti soatlik hujjatli film debyuti bo‘lib o‘tdi. U Ken Berns va Lin Novik tomonidan birgalikda ishlab chiqarilgan va rejissyorlik qilgan.

Adabiyotlar

  • Kashkin I., Ernest Xeminguey, Moskva, 1966;
  • Gribanov B., Xeminguey, Moskva, 1970;
  • Finkelshteyn I., Xemingueyromanist, 1974;
  • Paporov Yu. N., Xeminguey na Kube, Moskva, 1979

Manbalar

Havolalar

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